In 1975, physicist Kip Thorne and astronomer Anna Żytkow proposed that there are hybrids of red supergiant and neutron stars that superficially resemble normal red supergiants, such as Betelguese in the constellation Orion, but differ in their distinct chemical signatures that result from unique activity in their stellar interiors.

These Thorne-Żytkow objects (TŻOs) were hypothesized to be formed by the interaction of two massive stars ― a red supergiant and a neutron star formed during a supernova explosion ― in a close binary system. While the exact mechanism is uncertain, the most commonly held belief is that, during the evolutionary interaction of the two stars, the much more massive red supergiant essentially swallows the neutron star, which spirals into the core of the red supergiant.

While normal red supergiants derive their energy from nuclear fusion in their cores, these TŻOs would probably powered by the unusual activity of the absorbed neutron stars in their cores.

Now we may have find out. The first Thorne-Żytkow object has been discovered.

T_eff vs. measured line ratios for our sample of SMC targets. The ratios include features that we expect to be enhanced in TZOs (a) as well as our ‘control’ features (b). A dark grey line shows the best linear fit for each line ratio as a function of T_eff, while the light grey lines mark the 3σ
deviations from the fit that should encompass 99.7 per cent of a normally distributed sample. Ratios measured in our spectrum of HV 2112 are plotted in red. Error bars for each point illustrate the systematic errors of .5 per cent in our equivalent width measurements. Credit: 
arXiv:1406.0001

Project leader Emily Levesque of the University of Colorado Boulder, said, "Studying these objects is exciting because it represents a completely new model of how stellar interiors can work. In these interiors we also have a new way of producing heavy elements in our universe. You've heard that everything is made of 'star stuff'—inside these stars we might now have a new way to make some of it."

The study, accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters, is co-authored by Philip Massey, of Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona; Anna Żytkow of the University of Cambridge in the U.K.; and Nidia Morrell of the Carnegie Observatories in La Serena, Chile.

The astronomers made their discovery with the 6.5-meter Magellan Clay telescope on Las Campanas, in Chile. They examined the spectrum of light emitted from apparent red supergiants, which tells them what elements are present. When the spectrum of one particular star—HV 2112 in the Small Magellanic Cloud―was first displayed, the observers were quite surprised by some of the unusual features. Morrell explained, "I don't know what this is, but I know that I like it!"

When Levesque and her colleagues took a close look at the subtle lines in the spectrum they found that it contained excess rubidium, lithium and molybdenum. Past research has shown that normal stellar processes can create each of these elements. But high abundances of all three of these at the temperatures typical of red supergiants is a unique signature of TŻOs.

"I am extremely happy that observational confirmation of our theoretical prediction has started to emerge," Żytkow said. "Since Kip Thorne and I proposed our models of stars with neutron cores, people were not able to disprove our work. If theory is sound, experimental confirmation shows up sooner or later. So it was a matter of identification of a promising group of stars, getting telescope time and proceeding with the project."

The team is careful to point out that HV 2112 displays some chemical characteristics that don't quite match theoretical models. Massey points out, "We could, of course, be wrong. There are some minor inconsistencies between some of the details of what we found and what theory predicts. But the theoretical predictions are quite old, and there have been a lot of improvements in the theory since then. Hopefully our discovery will spur additional work on the theoretical side now."