Inventory of local knowledge regarding medicinal plants of Churu district in the Thar desert.

Table 1 : Inventory of local knowledge regarding medicinal plants of Churu district in the <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Thar desert.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

S. No.	Botanical Name	Local Name	Family	Part used	Medicinal Property	Disease cured by the plant	Mode of Administration	Active Principle
1	Acacia nilotica Delile	Babul	Mimosaceae	Bark tender leaves, pods.	Astringent, demulcent	Ulcer Sore throat and toothache diarrhoea and dysentery urinogenital diseases	Powder of bark is applied externally in ulcers. The decoction of the bark is used as a gargle. An infusion of tender leaves is given orally. The decoction of its pods is beneficial.	Arabin
2	Acacia senegal Willd	Kumta	Mimosaceae	Gum	Nutritive, demulcent, emollient	inflammation of intestinal mucosa, burns, sore nipples and nodular leprosy	Gum is used internally in inflammation of intestinal mucosa and externally to cover inflammed surfaces as burns, sore nipples and nodular leprosy.	Betulin, Sitosterol, Uvaol, Octocosanol.
3	Acalypha indica	Kuppi, Kokli	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves	Laxative	Scabies	The decotion of leaves mixed with common salt is applied to scabies	Acalyphine, acalyphamide
4	Achyranthrus aspera Linn.	Lathjira	Acyranthaceae	Root	Pungent Purgative diuretic and astringent	Cough Haemorrhoids	A pinch of root powder in combination with pepper and honey is given in cough. Powdered roots mixed with honey are given internally.	Betaine Achranthine saponiun A&B.
5	Aerva tomentosa Forssk	Bui, Buida	Amaranthaceae	Flowers, seeds	Diuretic, demulcent	headache, rheumatism swellings	Woolly seeds stuffed in pillows relieve headache and protective against rheumatism. Decoction of flowers and seeds applied externally against swellings	aervanone, a – amyrin, b – sitosteral.
6	Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth.	Siris	Mimosaceae	Leaves, bark flowers	Hypoglycaemic anticancerous astringent	Night blindness to heal gums boils, eruptions and swellings leprous ulcers.	Leaf juice is used as eye drop for night blindness. Decoction of the bark is used as mouth wash. The flowers are applied externally. The powder root bark is applied externally as plaster.	Melanoxetin, okanin, melecacidin, friedelin
7	Allium cepa L.	Pyaz	Liliaceae	Bulbs	Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant	Colic, scurvy Malarial fever	The onions mixed with common salt are a domestic remedy in colic and scurvy. Onions are eated twice a day with two or three black peppers.	Protocatechnic acid , vanillic acid, caffeic acid.
8	Aloe barbadenesis Mill.	Ghikumari Ghikanwar	Liliaceae	Fresh leaves Leaf juice	Antiseptic germicidal, blood purifier	Swellings and dropsy constipation eruptions	Aloe steeped with setmodia martima is drunk to ease swellings and dropsy. The dried juice is used Crused succulent leaves mixed with turmeric and the paste thus obtained apply on the eruptions.	barbaloin aloe, B – barablion, aloe-emodin, barbaloin.
9	Amaranthus spinosus L.	Kateli	Amaranthaceae	Whole plant, roots	Laxative, antidote, diuretic	Boils Toothache Snake bite Piles	Root paste is applied externally on boils Decoction of herb is used for mouth wash for toothache. Drinking of root extract with the same of Convolvulus trupethum helps one to overcome the effects of poisons of snake and insects. A piece (2 cm) of root in black thread is tied on left arm of a pregnant to cure piles.	b – spinasterol, octocosanote, hentriacontane.
10	Arachis hypogoea L.	Mung phali	Fabaceae	Seeds	Aphrodisiac, galactogogue purgative emollient	To prevent heart attacks	Seed oil is beneficial for cardiac patients and prevents heart attacks	arachidic acid, riboflavin, vitamin b
11	Argemone maxicana Linn.	Satyanasi	Papavaraceae	Seed oil, seed root	alternative, antidote stomachic	eczema and itching Piles Toothache Opthalmic infection	The seeds are poured in 'Mahua Oil' and are applied to eczema and itching. Roots are burnt to provide heat in treatment of piles. The smoke of the burning seeds is used to relieve toothache. The ashes of burnt seeds filtered with a fine cloth and apply for ophthalmic infection.	Protopine, berberine, argemone oil
12	Aristolochia bracteolata Lamk.	Kiramar	Aristolochiaceae	Leaves	emmenagogue, purgative, anthelmintic	eczema	Bruised leaf mixed with castor oil applied to eczema on children's legs.	aristolochic acid, aristo-red.
13	Artemisia scoparia Waldst. and kit.	Bana, Dona	Asteraceae	whole plant	Purgative	Burns, earache	Smoke is considered good for burns. Juice of plant is used as a cure for pain in ear.	b – sitosterol, capillin, capillarin
14	Azadirachta indica A. Juss	Neem	Meliaceae	Twigs, leaves	Antiperiodic, anthelmintic, astringent, purgative and tonic	Boils, abscesses, adenitis, eczema and ulcers. Intestinal helminthiasis urinary calculi To strengthening teeth and gums To strengthening hairs	The poultice of leaves is applied. The tender leaves with piper nigrum are used. The ashes of the leaves are taken with water. The twigs are used as 'Datun' Aqueous extract of the leaves along with the leaves of ziziphus jujuba is used.	Azadirachtin, azadirachtol nimbiol, nimbidin azadirone
15.	Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. [Fig.4 (a)]	punarnava, Gadhapurna	Nyctaginaceae	Roots, leaves	Laxative, diuretic, anthelmintic	Night blindness Eczema Rheumatism Abortifacient	The roots and leaf ash are taken to cure night blindness. Dry powder of the leaves mixed with mustard oil is used externally on iches and eczema. The leaves boiled with rice, garlic and water are rubbed on body. 2 gm root paste with cow's milk is taken by the women for abortion	Boeravinones punarnavoside, hentriacontane
16	Calotropis procera R.Br.	Aak, Madaar	Asclepidaceae	Roots, flowers	Stomachic, tonic, anticancerous, irritant, purgative	malerial fever Cholera	The decoction of root bark along with black pepper is used twice a day for three day. Powdered flowers with black pepper are given with ash of barley seeds.	Calatropagenin, Calotropin, Calotropain
17.	Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew.	Ker	Capparidaceae	Stem	Thermogenic, astringent, carminative, Purgtive, aphrodisiac	Pyorrhoea and rheumatism muscular injuries	The stem is used in pyorrhoea and rheumatism Paste of coal from wood is applied externally to mascular injuries.	Capparine, cappariline, capparinine
18.	Carissa congesta L.	Karaunda	Apocynaceae	Roots	Stomachic, anthelmintic, astringent	Rheumatism	The roots in combination with other roots are used in rheumatism	Carissone, carindone, carinol.
19	Chenopodium album L.	Bathua	Chenopodiaceae	Leaves	aphrodisiac, diuretic laxative, antipyretic	stomach pains	A tea of the leaves and plant is used to relieve stomach pains	Chenopodine, polypodine B, trigonelline.
20	Citullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader [Fig.4(b)]	Indrayan, Tumba	Cucurbitaceae	Roots, Fruits, leaves	Purgative antipyretic anthelmintic	Amenorrhoea Leucoderma Paronychia Rheumatism Boils and Carbuncles Constipation	Fresh Indrayan roots are boiled with cow's milk and administered twice a day. Fresh leaf extract is applied to affected area externally. Fresh root paste is applied externally. Root paste of Indrayan and Ashgandh mixed with honey is administered orally. Paste of root and raw fruits is applied externally. Decoction of fresh fruit is administered orally at bed time.	Colocynthin
21.	Citrullus vulgaris (Thumb.) Matsum and Nakai	Tarbooz	Cucurbitaceae	Fruits, seeds	demulcent, diuretic, pectoral and tonic	typhus fever Intestinal inflammation	The juice of the fruit is given as an antiseptic in typhus fever. An emulsion of the seeds is made into a poultice with the pounded leaves and applied hot in cases of intestinal inflammation.
22.	Clendendrum phlomidis Vent.	Arni	Verbinaceae	Leaves, root	Alternative, laxative, anti-inflammatory	Syphilis Measles and gonorrhoe	The leaf juice is given in syphilis. The decoction of the roots is given as bitter tonic for children during convalescenece from measles and given in gonorrhoea.	Clerodendrin, acacetin
23	Cleome gynandra Linn.	Hulhul	Capparidaceae	Leaves, seeds	Rubefacient, Vasicant, Carminative, antispasmodic	Typhus fever Intestinal worms Prurigo Piles Cough	Half tea cup of the decotion of the seeds and leaves is given daily. Fresh leaves are eaten as vegetable. The juice of the fresh leaves mixed with sesamum oil is used. Powdered seeds are used. The infusion of seeds is used.	Lupeolin, glucocapparin, dihydroxychromone
24.	Cucumis melo (Roxb.) Duthie and Fuller	Kharbuja	Cucurbitaceae	Fruits, seeds	appetiser galactogogue diuretic	chronic eczema Tympanitis	The whole fruit is eaten daily. Bruised seeds are applied as poultice in cases of tympanitis in children.	Isomultifloernd, methylene- cycloratenol.
25.	Cucumis sativus L.	Khira	Cucurbitaceae	Fruits, seeds, leaves	Refrigerant, diuretic, tonic antipyretic	throat affections Pitta, Burning sensation, general debility	The leaves boiled and mixed with cummin seeds, roasted and powdered, are administered. The fruits and seeds are used.	a – methyl – phytosterol, a & b amyrin, multiflorenol.
26	Curculigo orchiodis Haertn.	Kalimusli	Amaryllidaceae	Roots	Demulcent, diuretic, tonic and restorative	Asthma, Jaundice, diorrhoea and colic	The tubers are administered as follows: Tubers are washed and cut into slices and dried and than given in does of 180 gains beaten up with an equal quantity of sugar in a glass of milk until it forms a thick mucilage.	Curculigo-saponin, sapogenins, curculigenin, curculigoside.
27	Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.	Akashbel	Convolvulaceae	whole plant	Purgative, carminative, depurative and demulcent	Haematuria Prevent conception forever	The juice of the plant about 2 teaspoonful is given to treat haematuria. The juice of plant is given to woman once only after menses to make the woman barren forever.	Scoparone, melanettin, hyperoside.
28	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers	Dubghas	Poaceae	whole plant, roots	Astringent diuretic	Piles Chronic gleet Haematuresis and catarrhal ophthalmia To control blood pressure	An infusion of the roots is used for stopping bleeding from piles. Crushed roots mixed with curds are used. The fresh expressed juice of the grass is useful. About 100 gm juice of the plant is taken daily.	b – ionone acid, sigmasterol acetate
29	Cyperus rotundus L.	Motha	Poaceae	Rhizomes	Tonic, stimulant, astringent antidotes	Dysentery Snake bite, irregular menstruation, dyspepsia, diarrhoea	The bulbous roots are scraped and pounded with green ginger, mixed with honey and given in cases of dysentery. Juice of rhizomes is given orally	cyperene, cyperol, cineol
30	Dalbergia sisoo Roxb.	Shisham	Papilionaceae	Leaves, Bark	Stimulant, alternative	inflammed mammary glands blood dysentary Gonorrhoea Piles	The leaves are warmed and tied over breast. The leaf juice mixed with sugar and curd is given to cure blood dysentery. Decoction of leaves is used Dried and powdered bark is used in bleeding piles	biochanin – A, tiobioside, dalbergin
31	Datura stramonium Linn.	Dhatura	Solanaceae	Fruits, leaves	Narcotic, anodyne, antispasmodic, antiseptic	spasmodic asthma inflammation of breast Rheumatism, lumbago, painful tumours, glandular inflammations such as mumps	The smoking of the dried leaves and stem in a pipe is found successful in relieveing spasmodic asthma and kindered affections. A paste of its fruits with turmeric is used. The local application of datura leaves proves most serviceable in relieving pain when applied in the form of poultice.	atropine, hyoscine, scopalamine
32	Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf.	Dab, Kusha	Poeceae	Roots	Diuretic, emollient, astringent, stimulant, galactagogue	Dysentery Leucorrhoea Wounds	A decoction of its roots is given in dysentery. Roots pasted in rice water are given for three days in leucorrhoea. Ash of the roots along with mustard oil is applied on wounds.
33	Eclipta alba	Bhringaraja, Bhangra	Asteraceae	Leaf, whole plant	Anodyne, absorbant, emetic, purgative	Elephantiasis Jaundice and fever Tonic	The fresh plant mixed with sesamum oil is applied externally. The juice is administered in teaspoonful doses. The expressed juice of the leaves in combination with 'ajavain' seed is used as tonic.	mono-, di- and trithiophene acetylenes, a – terthienyl.
34	Emblica officinalis Gaertn.	Amala	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves, fruits, bark, seeds	astringent, carminative antidysenteric, stomachic, tonic and cooling	chronic dysentery Bacillary dysentary Gonorrhoea Leucorrhoea To stop nose bleeding	The infusion of leaves mixed with fenugreek seeds is given. A sherbat prepared from the fruits with lemon juice is taken. The juice of the bark combined with honey and turmeric is used. The powder of seeds taken twice a day for a week to cure leucorrhoeea. Seeds fried in ghee and ground in 'conjee' are applied as lep to the forehead to stop nose bleeding.	leucodelphinidin, procyanidin, embicol
35	Enicostema hyssopitolium (Willd.) I.C.	Chota Chirayata	Gentianaceae	whole plant	carminative Febriguge blood purifier	Diabetes Fever and Maleria	The plant extract is useful against diabetes. The whole plant is used.	apigenin, genkwanin, saponarin, gentiocrucine
36	Eubhorbia hirta Linn.	Dhudhi	Euphorbiaceae	whole plant, leaves	stimulant Demulcent antispasmodic, antasthmaitic	Leucorrhoea Cough, asthma dysentery, colic	About 20 leaves are crushed and the extract is given orally with honey once a day in the morning. The drug is administered in the form of liquid extract of tincture with labelia or senega in the treatment of coughs and asthma. The juice of plant is used.	Hentriacontane, teraxerol, euphosterol
37	Evolvulus alsinoides L.	Shankh pushpi	Convolvulaceae	leaves, flowers	febrifuge, alternative, tonic	chronic bronchitis and asthma Brain tonic	The leaves are made into cigarettes and smoked in chronic bronchitis and asthma. The fresh flowers with sugar are eaten.	evolvine, betaine
38	Ficus benghalensis Linn.	Bargad, Bad	Moraceae	Tender ends of the aerial roots, latex, fruits, leaves, bark	Astringent aphrodisiac, tonic antiseptic	Obstinate vomiting Piles Boils and blisters Spermatorrhoea Cracked heels abscesses Snake bites	The tender ends of hanging roots are given. The tips of adventitious roots are crushed and boiled in cow's milk and the decoction thus obtained, is strained and served hot in piles. The milky latex of the plant is applied externally. The fruits are powdered and taken with honey in the morning and evening for a week. The milky juice of the branches is applied. The leaves are applied as poultice. The bark with black pepper is used.	quercetin-3-glactoside. leucocantocyanin, Tiglic acid.
39	Ficus religiosa Linn.	Pipal	Moraceae	leaves, bark, seeds, fruits	astringent laxative, digestive	Inflammatory ulcers. Prevent conception forever Asthma Fishula of anus	Tender leaves are beneficial when used along with butter fat to cover the inflammatory ulcers. The seeds powder is given for three days during menses. The dried and powdered fruits are taken in water for 14 days. Powder of bark is used.	b – sitosteryl –D–glucoside, h – octacosanol, lanosterol. lupen-3-one
40	Jatropha curcas	Ratanjot	Euphorbiaceae	leaves	Rubefacient galactogogue, suppurative, purgative, aphrodisicac, thermogenic	To promote lactation, Gum boils	The leaves locally applied to the breasts. The sticks of this plant are used as tooth brushes to strengthen the gum and to cure gum boils	Jatrophic acid, curcin
41	Jatropha gossipifolia	Ratanjot	Euphorbiaceae	leaves		guinea worm	Leaves are tied locally in treatment of guinea worm
42	Lagenaria siceraria (Mal.) Standley	Kashiphal	Cucurbitaceae	Leaves, seeds roots	Purgative, emetic, stimulant diuretic	Jaundice Rheumatism Headache Constipation	A decoction of leaves mixed with sugar is given. Seed oil is used. The paste of roots in water is applied externally. The tender shoots are eaten as vegetable in constipation.	Saponin Cucurbitacin B, D, G & H.
43	Lantana camara L. Moldenke	Gendi	Verbinaceae	Leaves	antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic	rheumatism tetanus The healing of wounds and fistula	A decoction of the leaves is applied. About half cup of plant decoction with a little quantity of 'kala namak' is taken twice a day till relief. The bruised leaves are used to promote healing of wounds and in fistula	arachidic acid CH₃ (CH₂)₁₈ COOH, lantadene, lantolonic acid
44	Lawsonia intermis Linn.	Mehndi	Lytharaceae	Leaves,	refrigerant, soporific, astringent	spermatorrhoea anemia, oedema, Jaundice Yeallow fever Burns, small pox and scalds	The leaf juice along with sugar is administered. One gm of fresh leaves and three black peppers are made into paste in 50 ml. of cow's milk and it is taken for one month. Decoction of leaves mixed with meat stew and taken orally. Decoction of the leaves is very useful.	Lowsone, 2-hydroxy-1,4- naphthaquinone, behenic acid
45	Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forsk.)Decne [Fig. 4(c)]	Khimp	Asclepidaceae	whole plant	Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic	Wound healing	The bruised stem and leaves are used to promote healing of wounds.
46	Leucas aspera Spreng	Paniharin	Lamiaceae	Leaves, floweres	Stimulant expectorant, asperient	Jaundice, fevrs, ulcers, intestinal catarsh
47	Luffa acutangula (Linn) Roxb.	Kalitori	Cucurbitaceae	Leaves roots	Purgative, emetic, tonic	Granular conjunctivities. Splenitis, haemorrhoids, piles and leprosy Gonorrhoea	The juice of fresh leaves is dropped into eyes. The pounded leaves are applied locally. The root with equal parts of root of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Hemisdesmus indicus is given with milk, cummin and sugar.	Cucurbitacins B, D, G & H.
48	Luffa aegyptica Mill.	Ghiatori	Cucurbitaceae	Seeds, fruits	emetic, cathartic, diuretic, purgative, lactagogue	Piles Skin diseases	The fruits are cooked with the whole plant of Raphanus sativus without salt and oil and are eaten with curd thrice a day for 3-7 days to cure piles. The oil obtained from its seeds is used.	Crucurbitacine
49	Momordica charantia Linn.	Karela	Cucurbitaceae	whole plant, leaves, fruits, roots	astringent, emetic purgative, stomachic, tonic carminative anthelmintic, abortifacient	Scabies and other cutaneous diseases Night blindness to reduce blood sugar Piles	The whole plant combined with cinnamon, long pepper, rice and the oil of Hyrocarpus wightiana is employed externally. The leaf juice is externally applied round the eyes. One spoonful of fruit paste in water is taken internally. A paste of the roots is applied externally over piles.	Momorcharaside A, B Momordicines I and II
50	Nerium indicum Mill.	Kaner	Apocynaceae	leaves roots	anti-inflammatory, resolvent, attenuant abortifacient antiasthmatic	Chancre, ulcers and leprosy Piles Ring worm and other skin diseases Termination of pregnancy	The roots are made into a paste with water and are applied externally. A paste of roots is applied externally on piles. The paste of its leaves with oil of its root bark is used. The roots is used for procuring abortion both by local application and internal administration	neriodin, neriodorin, nerium D, E & F Oleandrine, Pseudocurarine
51	Ocimum sanctum L.	Tulsi	Labiatae	Leaves	Expectorant, stomachic, diuretic, antiseptic, cardiac stimulant.	Ring worm and other cutaneous diseases Colic Intermitent fever inflammed eyes	An infusion of leaves is applied externally to the skin. Juice of leaves mixed with ginger is given. The juice of leaves mixed with black pepper is given. The leaf juice internally two times a day for seven days.	Bornyl acetate, camphone, camphor, eugenol
52	Opuntia ficus-indica	prickly pear	Cacataceae	Fruits, leaves	refrigerent, expectorant	Asthma and whooping cough Scorbutic ulcers	Fruits baked or made into a syrup is a good remedy in asthma and whooping cough. The leaves made into a pulp are used as a poultice to allay heat and inflammation in scarbutic ulcers.
53	Pedalium murex Linn.	Bada gokhru	Pedaliaceae	Fruits leaves	demulient, diuretic, tonic abortifacient	gonorrhoea and dysuria renal calculi	The mucilaginous water produced from the fresh leaves is taken. Decoction of whole fruit is used to treatment of renal calculi.	Triterpenoida, ursolic acid, vinillin.
54	Peganum harmala	Harmal	Zygophyllaceae	Seeds	narcodic, anodyne, emetic, emmenagogue	asthma, colic and jaundice	The powder of seeds is a good anodyne and the watery infusion is similarly useful.	Harmaline, Harmine
55	Phyllanthus niruri Sensu Hook. f.	Bhuian anvala	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves	diuretic, antipyretic, antiseptic astringent and cooling	skin affections, swelling and ulcers Chronic dysentery	Leaves mixed with salt applied locally to skin affections, swelling and ulcers in the form of poultice. The latex is beneficial in indolent ulcer. Infusion of young tender leaves is given.	Phyllnirurin, Phyleantheol, Phyllanthenol Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin
56	Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce [Fig..4(d)]	Kejari	Mimosaceae	Inflorescence, flowers	anthelmintic, cooling, tonic	Boils and skin diseases To prevent miscarriage	The ground inflorescence mixed with sugar in water is used for prevention of boils and skin diseases. Flowers are pounded, mixed with sugar and eaten by women during pregnancy as a safe guard against miscarriage.
57	Raphanus sativus Linn.	Muli	Brassicaceae	Leaves, seeds	digestive, depurative laxative	Leucoderma Piles Dysuria, Calculai, Strangury	The seeds pasted with Achyranthes aspera in water are applied. The leaves are dried in shade and made into a powder mixed with equal parts of 'shakkar' and are given for 40 days. The juice of its leaves it given.	Pelargonin, methyl mercaptan.
58	Ricinus communis Linn	Erand	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves seeds	Purgative, anodyne, galactogogue	Boil and carbuncle Rheumatism Stomachache	The leaves are tied on the boil oand the carbuncle in order to burst it. The seed paste as a poultice is applied on sores and gout or rheumatic swellings. Infusion of the leaves is used.	Ricicine
59	Salvadora persica L. [Fig.4(e)]	Pilu	Salvadoraceae	Leaves	stimulant, vesicant, antidote	rheumatism scurvy	The leaves heated and tied up in thin cotton cloth are applied in rheumatism. The juice of leaves is given in scurvy.	trimethylamine, b – sitosterol.
60	Sesamum indicum Linn.	Til	Pedaliaceae	Seeds, Leaves	emollient, diuretic, lactagogue	Amenorrhoea Polyuria Pimples ophthalmia and sking problems	The decoction of the seeds with acorus, 'pippali' and 'gur' is given in amenorrhoea. A handful of the seeds are eaten daily. The seeds with the bark of siris and vinegar are rubbed over pimples. The fresh leaves are applied externally.	Sesamin, sesamolin
61	Solanum indicum Auct. non Linn.	Baigan Kateli	Solanaceae	Seeds	Diuretic, expectorant	dysuria Toothache	The decoction of the seeds given twice daily. The vapour of the burning seeds relieves toothache.	Solanine, Solanidine
62	Solanum nigrum Linn.	Makoi	Solanaceae	Roots	Antiseptic, anodyne, expectorant	To enhance fertility	The roots with small amount of sugar are boiled in water and are given to women to enhancing fertility.	Solanine, solanidine
63	Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem	Rohida	Bignoniaceae	Bark	relaxant, chloretic	Syphilis and leucorrhoea	The bark of young branches is used as a remedy for syphilis and leucorrhoea
64	Tephrosia hamiltonii	Sarphonka	Fabaceae	Root, stem	Laxative, anthelmintic, tonic, antidote	Headache Spermatorrhoea, Snake bite pyrrhoea cholic	A decoction of the roots with ginger is consumed to relieve headache. The root extract, one teaspoonful once a day along with seed paste is given for 15 days. The powdered root bark along with black pepper is given. The stem is used as tooth brush. The bark of the root ground with a little black pepper is made into pills and given in refractory cholic.	Lupeol, rutin
65	Tinospora cardifolia (Willd.) Miers Ex Hook F. and Thomas	Neem giloy	Menispermaceae	whole plant, stem	cooling, diuretic, tonic aphrodisiac febrifuge	Jaundice and Fever Urticaria elephantiasis Asthma Leucorrhoea	Stem juice is valued in high fever and given in jaundice either alone or mixed with honey. Stem paste with a little ginger is given in urticasia Stem juice with sweet oil is administered in elephantiasis. Juice of stem orally with honey. Paste of plant and 5 seeds of pipper nigrum is administered orally once daily in morning.	Tinosporin, Columbin, Tinosporon, tinosporol, giloin, gilonisin.
66	Tribulus terrestris Linn. [Fig.4(f)]	Gokhuru	Zygophyllaceae	whole plant , fruits, stem	diuretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, astringent	gleet, spermatorrhoea, impotence gonorrhoea gravels, gout and kidney diseases	The dry fruits are powdered and are given in doses of 18 gm with sugar and black pepper. The infusion of the stem is used. A decoction of the plant is used.	Chlorogenin, diosgonin
67	Withania somnifera Dunal	Ashgandh	Solanaceae	Root	diuretic, hypnotic, antipyretic, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac	Spermatorrhoea and debility Scrofula and consumption To stop habitual miscarriage	The powder of the root is given daily with sugar, honey and long pepper in the doses of 1.7 gm daily. A decoction of the root is used with long pepper, ghee and honey. A decoction of its root with black pepper and alligator pepper is an effective remedy for toning up the uterus of women who habitually miscarry.	Withanone, withanolides, withasomine
68	Zizyphus nummularia (Brum. f.) Wt. et Arn.	Ber, Jhari	Rhamnaceae	Root, leaves, bark	astringent diaphoretic purgative	Gout and rheumatism Fever wounds and ulcers diarrhoea abscess, boils and carbundes	The juice of the root bark is applied externally. The decoction of the root is given in fever. The root powder is applied to old wounds and ulcers. The powder of the stem bark is used. A paste of the leaves and twigs in applied externally.	Ziziphic acid.

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