Follicular helper Tcells (TFH cells), a rare type of immune cell that is essential for inducing a strong and lasting antibody response to viruses and other microbes, have garnered intense interest in recent years but the molecular signals that drive their differentiation had remained unclear.

Now, a team of researchers at the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology has identified a pair of master regulators that control the fate of TFH cells.

In America this year, over 21,000 new cases of ovarian cancer are expected, and over 14,000 deaths.

Once ovarian cancer has spread within the peritoneal cavity or to other organs, long-range survival is rare. However, shorter-term benefits can be obtained via several different chemotherapy regimens and one, essentially abdominal chemotherapy, has been very promising.

So why isn't it used more?

Cancer cells in neuroblastoma contain a molecule that breaks down a key energy source for the body's immune cells, leaving them too physically drained to fight the disease, according to new research.

Scientists have discovered that the cells in neuroblastoma - a rare type of childhood cancer that affects nerve cells - produce a molecule that breaks down arginine, one of the building blocks of proteins and an essential energy source for immune cells. 
Around 90 cases of neuroblastoma are diagnosed each year in the UK, mostly in children under five years old.

In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), atherosclerosis is exceedingly common and contributes to the development of heart disease, which is the leading cause of death in this group. New research suggests that an organic byproduct generated by intestinal bacteria may be responsible for the formation of cholesterol plaques in the arteries of individuals with decreased kidney function. The findings suggest that targeting this byproduct may be a novel strategy for safeguarding the heart health of patients with CKD. 

Following the British Medical Association's plan for a 20% sugar tax to subsidize the cost of fruit and vegetables - which some pundits must believe contain no carbohydrates - another group have added their voices to such scientization of politics in BMJ.

Among all the hype about bee deaths, there is an overwhelming amount of discussion about pesticides and blinders on about parasites and disease and even climate change, but one thing gets no mention at all: Flowers.

But they are a grave danger to bees, according to an article in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

The study is the first to show that not only can bees disperse parasites around the environment but also that flowers are platforms for a host of pollinator parasites subsequently dispersed onto visiting bees. 

U.S. farmers have long hoped to extend sugarcane's growing range northward from the Gulf coast because it substantially increase the land available for sugar and (for as long as subsidies last) biofuels.

Several hybrid canes developed in the 1980s have proved hardy in cooler climes, surviving overwinter as far north as Booneville, Arkansas, but no one had tested whether
the offspring of crosses between sugarcane and a hardy, cold-tolerant grass, Miscanthus - "miscanes" - actually photosynthesize, and thus continue to grow, when the thermometer dips.

The World Glacier Monitoring Service, which compiles the results of worldwide glacier observations in annual calls-for-data, has compiled such data on glacier changes for more than 120 years.

Now they have published a new analysis of global glacier changes and say observations of the first decade of the 21st century (2001-2010) compared to all available earlier data from in-situ, air-borne, and satellite-borne observations as well as to reconstructions from pictorial and written sources leads them to believe that observed glaciers currently lose between half a meter and one meter of ice thickness every year – this is two to three times more than the corresponding average of the 20th century.

A new paper says protective probiotics could fight the "chytrid" fungus that has been decimating amphibian populations worldwide.

Jenifer Walke, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher at Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, and collaborators have grown bacterial species from the skin microbiome of four species of amphibians. 

The desire to quit smoking--often considered a requirement for enrolling in treatment programs--is not always necessary to reduce cigarette cravings, argues a review of addiction research. Early evidence suggests that exercises aimed at increasing self-control, such as mindfulness meditation, can decrease the unconscious influences that motivate a person to smoke. 

Scientists are looking to the brain to understand why setting a "quit day" isn't a surefire way to rid oneself of a cigarette habit. Recent neuroimaging studies have shown that smokers have less activity in the brain regions associated with self-control, raising questions around whether targeting these neurobiological circuits could be a way to treat addiction.