An exoplanet orbiting a star that entered our Milky Way from another galaxy has been detected by astronomers. This Jupiter-like planet is unusual because it is orbiting a star nearing the end of its life and could be about to be engulfed by it. Over the last 15 years, astronomers have detected nearly 500 planets orbiting stars in our cosmic neighborhood, but none outside our Milky Way has been confirmed.
The planet has a minimum mass 1.25 times that of Jupiter and is part of the so-called Helmi stream — a group of stars that originally belonged to a dwarf galaxy that was devoured by our galaxy, the Milky Way, in an act of galactic cannibalism about six to nine billion years ago.
Some studies show that
estrogen is 'an elixir for the brain', sharpening mental performance in humans and animals and showing promise as a treatment for disorders of the brain such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. And don't get us started on what it's doing to males through pollution.
Atoms of antimatter have been trapped and stored for the first time by the ALPHA collaboration, an international team of scientists working at CERN.
ALPHA stored atoms of antihydrogen, consisting of a single negatively charged antiproton orbited by a single positively charged anti-electron (positron). While the number of trapped anti-atoms is far too small to fuel an matter-antimatter reactor (sorry, "Star Trek" fans), this advance brings precision tests of the fundamental symmetries of nature a little closer. Measurements of anti-atoms may reveal how the physics of antimatter differs from that of the ordinary matter that dominates the world we know today.
The federal government rarely succeeds in its attempts to legislate what I would call positive things - this is because the government has no power beyond restricting money and every effort to exceed that is met with resistance by constitutional scholars and states.
A progressive culture like the US wants more government whereas a liberal culture like the US wants freedom, and I would argue the best way to implement both goals is that, rather than attempting positive change (and failing - see American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Affordable Health Care for America Act) , government stick to punitive actions.
A team of researchers has created an alternative to conventional logic gates, demonstrated them in silicon, and dubbed them "chaogates."
They used 'chaotic' patterns to encode and manipulate inputs to produce a desired output, in that they selected desired patterns from the infinite variety offered by a chaotic system. A subset of these patterns was then used to map the system inputs (initial conditions) to their desired outputs.
It turns out that this process provides a method to exploit the richness inherent in nonlinear dynamics to design computing devices with the capacity to reconfigure into a range of logic gates. The resulting morphing gates are 'chaogates'.
There's a neat piece on tweaking versus invention, written by two law professors (Kal Raustiala of UCLA and Chris Sprigman at UVA) over as a Freakonomics guest blog. Their bit on
Geeks, Tweeks and Innovation talks about how Tweaking is good, but the law is against it.
Pioneering = making something totally new.
Tweaking = making something better.
A Linguistic Paradox
In science and law, we try to use words in a very precise fashion. Accordingly, we define our terms as precisely as possible. This gives rise to a paradox: each new definition of a word is added to the list of its existing definitions. Our efforts to reduce the ambiguity of a word serve only to increase its ambiguity.
US scientists are
significantly more likely to publish fake research than scientists from elsewhere, according to a bold statement published in a BMJ press release. The press release is about a paper called 'Retractions in the scientific literature: do authors deliberately commit research fraud?' in the Journal of Medical Ethics. How did he arrive at that conclusion? Language and apparently poor understanding of statistics.
Oxytocin, dubbed the "cuddle hormone" because of its importance in bonding , is best known for its role in childbirth and breastfeeding, and animal studies have shown that it may also be important in monogamous social relationships. Recently, economic research in humans implicated oxytocin in trust and empathy.
Additional animal research shows that oxytocin may relieve stress and anxiety in social settings and may be more rewarding than cocaine to new mothers.
It's been the decade of
metamaterials, with breakthroughs toward an
invisibility cloak occurring every few months. With conventional materials, light typically travels along a straight line, but with metamaterials, scientists can exploit additional flexibility to create blind spots by deflecting certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Basically, an image can be altered or made to look like it has disappeared.