Education is one of the rare industries with a powerful union, no incentive based pay and where generally the worst performers get more money yet is still regarded as not very good.

Improving education most would start with incentives for teachers, claims new findings by economics professors at the University of Missouri-Columbia and Vanderbilt University. They say that states and school districts in the United States begin developing programs that examine the effects of linking teacher pay to student achievement.

The study was a collaborative effort between Michael J. Podgursky, professor of economics at Mizzou’s College of Arts and Science, and Matthew G. Springer, research assistant professor of public policy and education at Vanderbilt’s Peabody College.

A team of scientists from around the globe has determined that a drastic change in the climate of tropical Africa may have significantly driven early human evolution.

Among the findings: A transition from a long period of time (about 135,000 to 75,000 years ago) that included several extreme droughts to a stable, wetter climate may have stimulated the expansion and migration of early human populations.

The researchers studied lake cores from Lake Malawi, at the southern end of East Africa’s Rift Valley, and found that the megadroughts were some of tropical Africa’s driest periods in the last million years or more.

It's unclear if vitamin C supplements reduce cancer risk. They may actually increase it.

Fat in the stomach may cause vitamin C to promote, rather than prevent, the formation of certain cancer causing chemicals, reveals research published ahead of print in the journal Gut.

The researchers analysed the impact of both fat (lipid) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) on nitrite chemistry in the upper (proximal) stomach, which is especially vulnerable to pre-cancerous changes and tumor growth.

Nitrites, which are present in human saliva, and in certain preserved foodstuffs, may be converted to cancer causing compounds called nitrosamines.

It's done - the independent sequence and assembly of the six billion base pairs from the genome of one person, Craig Venter of the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), has been completed.

Two general versions of the human genome currently exist but those were a melding of DNA from various people. In the case of one version from Celera Genomics, it was a consensus assembly from five individuals, while a government-funded version was a haploid genome based on sequencing from a limited number of individuals.

It seems both versions greatly underestimated human genetic diversity.

Scientists have found monoclonal antibodies which may make a successful Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) vaccine a reality.

Hepatitis treatment is expensive and only successful in half of patients. Untreated or unresponsive patients can go on to develop cirrhosis of the liver, with life affecting consequences or the need for a transplant.

In a collaborative effort with groups across Europe and the USA, scientists from Nottingham University have recently identified antibodies that can successfully prevent infection with many diverse strains of Hepatitis C virus in laboratory models.

Nothing starts a debate in the medical community like death. Abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, all controversial subjects; three anesthesiologists and a medical ethicist tackle the last one in a commentary and two editorials published in September's Mayo Clinic Proceedings.

In a commentary column, David Waisel, M.D., an anesthesiologist practicing at Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, asserts that it is time to reassess the AMA's position on this issue and allow doctors to participate in state-mandated executions to help provide the condemned a more humane path to death.

Dr. Waisel cites numerous details about the technical problems associated with lethal injection, the form of capital punishment most commonly used in the United States today. Dr.