The Uralic language family and languages such as Finnish, Estonian, Saami and Hungarian began to spread west approximately 4,200–3,900 years ago, first to the central Volga region and later to the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic.

The Uralic language family is a few hundred years younger than the Indo-European one, and its spread led to contacts with Indo-Iranian language variants and the creation of a long contact zone in the area currently known as central Russia. Early loan words originating from this contact made their way into the Uralic languages that were beginning to emerge, including Sami, the Balto-Finnic languages, Mordvinic, Mari and the Permic languages.(1) 

There are three dimensions in the known universe. Fiction authors like to call time a dimension but it really isn't, it is just a way to look at the other three. Even if you don't remember what you ate for lunch yesterday the universe knows you were 2 millions miles away from where you are right now when you at it. Since everything in the universe was also shifting in chaotic ways there is no way to return and have a different lunch.

At the very large and very small scale, Newtonian gravity does not work the way it should. The universe should not be expanding and forget trying to explain quantum mechanics.

Trying to detail why electrons can behave as both particles and waves, depending on the experimental context in which they are observed, is challenging. Louis de Broglie, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, and David Bohm all tried but used self-consistent yet contradictory interpretations.

A genetic analysis found a single point mutation in the TLR7 gene and then identified other cases of severe lupus where this gene was also mutated. 

Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease which causes inflammation in organs and joints, affects movement and the skin, and causes fatigue. In severe cases, symptoms can be debilitating and complications can be fatal. The work resulted from whole genome sequencing on the DNA of a Spanish child named Gabriela, who was diagnosed with severe lupus when she was 7 years old. Such a severe case with early onset of symptoms is rare and indicates a single genetic cause.

In a new paper, scholars say depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues are more common than ever before, and that people of color are impacted most.

The data are from surveys, and young people have always felt a need to 'live in important times' and believe everything is different than any other generation faced, but young people today went through an economic meltdown and then a pandemic, with all of the resulting media attention and worry that entailed. The Healthy Minds Network pool was between 2013 and 2021 from 350,000 students at over 300 campuses. 

The mysteries of the universe are profound but one solution has long been sought; how events at the edge of our solar system, the beginning of the rest of the universe, brought about evolution of earth, the other planets, and even life itself.

A new paper speculates about how the gas giants — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune — ended up where they are, orbiting the sun like they do. They try to figure an explanation for what happened to gas giants in other solar systems and ours- and try to make an education guess if a fifth gas giant lurks 50 billion miles away. A new planet 9, or a planet 14, or whatever a tiny minority of astronomers in the IAU try to decree.