If you've commented anonymously on this site or thousands of others where you are not a registered member, you've come across the Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) box - and maybe you dread it because, when it doesn't recognize the letters you think you are seeing, you are stuck.
Venu Govindaraju, a computer scientist at the University of Buffalo who pioneered machine recognition of human handwriting, says a 21st-century solution to CAPTCHA problems may rest in the early days of human culture - handwriting.
It's known that water vapor and clouds are by far the major contributors to the 'greenhouse effect' on Earth but since those have had a predictable range the planet's temperature ultimately hinges on atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide, according to a new model by the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York, which sought to analyze the nature of Earth's greenhouse effect and clarify the role that greenhouse gases and clouds play in absorbing outgoing infrared radiation.
'Copy Number Variants' (CNVs) are hot. A CNV is a sizeable chunk of DNA that's either missing from your genome or present in extra copies. Chunks of DNA get copied or deleted on a surprisingly frequent basis. We've all got CNVs, most cases they are probably benign, but CNVs are becoming an increasingly appreciated as a significant source of medically important genetic variation. 'Recently appreciated' because we now have the technology to detect CVNVs reliably.
There will be no survivors
Exactly what nuclear world war would look like was a matter of diverse opinion in the nuclear apocalypse novels of the 1950‘s.
Many post-apocalyptic novels of this decade portrayed World War III as an essentially known if more extreme extension of the destructive experience of World War II, much the way that World War II was like World War I jacked up a notch.
I'm sure for many of us, our family stories are rich, varied, and often conflicting. We share our pasts with our children often without reflection of what they do not know and are surprised when there are gaps in what they know about us, about our lives as a family. I know that it's often surprising to me personally to realize that there are vast stretches of years that I feel I recall well that my bright boy has no recollection of, even though he was there.
Is energy conserved? "Of course it is!" anyone with just a rudimentary knowledge of physics will answer. A more pertinent answer would be: "if you can't show me a working perpetual motion machine, shut up and stop wasting my time!"
The conservation of energy is an insight that stood the test of time. It was Julius von Mayer who first worded it in its clearest form: "Energy can be neither created nor destroyed". That was nearly 170 years ago.
So why question energy conservation?
The interesting thing about physics is that the deeper you dig, the more you are forced to doubt existing principles. Dig deep into the universe, allow gravity to become a dominant feature, and the conservation of energy becomes much less obvious.
What happens when you think you have seen a recent collision between two asteroids but find a bizarre X-shaped object at the head of a comet-like trail of material? You keep looking until you can figure it out.
In January, astronomers thought the new collision they found would have a debris field expanding rapidly, like shrapnel flying from a hand grenade, but when they watched the aftermath using Hubble, they found the opposite; the object was expanding very, very slowly and that it started, not a few days, but nearly a year before the January observations.
Can't decide between the opera and a football game? (If needed, replace these bland stereotypes with specifics from your own relationship). Game Theory's got your back.
Imagine the possible outcomes: football together, football alone, opera together, and opera alone. We can show this with the following grid (imagine the guy choosing a column and the lady choosing a row—they accept the outcome that gets two marks):
