The minds of murderers who kill impulsively - crimes of passion, as they are commonly called - and those who carefully carry out premeditated crimes differ markedly both psychologically and intellectually, according to a new paper.

Adults may not understand what an infant is feeling but it's child's play to another baby.

A paper in Infancy contends that infants can recognize each other's emotions by five months of age. 

"Newborns can't verbalize to their mom or dad that they are hungry or tired, so the first way they communicate is through affect or emotion," says  psychology professor Ross Flom  of
Brigham Young University
. "Thus it is not surprising that in early development, infants learn to discriminate changes in affect."

Rat poison used for marijuana fields is killing fishers in the southern Sierra Nevada, according to a new paper. 

Oxygen is necessary for survival on Earth but the planet's atmosphere did not always contain this life-sustaining substance. One of science's greatest mysteries is how and when oxygenic photosynthesis—the process responsible for producing oxygen on Earth through the splitting of water molecules—first began.

Geobiologists writing in PNAS say they have found evidence of a precursor photosystem involving manganese that predates cyanobacteria, the first group of organisms to release oxygen into the environment via photosynthesis.  

All stars begin their lives in groups, though most, including our Sun, are born in small, benign groups that quickly fell apart. Others form in huge, dense swarms that survive for billions of years as stellar clusters.

Within such rich and dense clusters, stars jostle for room with thousands of neighbors while strong radiation and harsh stellar winds scour interstellar space, stripping planet-forming materials from nearby stars.

That's an unlikely place to find alien worlds.

Yet 3,000 light-years from Earth in the star cluster NGC 6811, astronomers have found two planets smaller than Neptune orbiting Sun-like stars.