When the National Institutes of Health first opened in 1887,  it was called the " Laboratory of Hygiene" and was staffed by one man, 27-year-old Joseph James Kinyoun.  Mission: collect blood and stool samples from the sick in order to culture pathogens in the lab. 

Here is the entire NIH of that period.  One room at the Marine Hospital on Staten Island, New York.

the Laboratory of Hygiene1887 NIH National Cancer Institute

One-Man NIH, 1887 - Cristina Luiggi, The Scientist.  H/T Boing-Boing via Twitter