Tillage. mixing and churning soil and crop residues like corn stalks, has been around for thousands of years. Even the earliest farmers knew that soil could become depleted and tillage could make the next crop more likely to be successful so we eventually developed a chisel plow for field cultivation, to turn over soil at the end of the growing season.

But not everyone could afford a plow and some just let old stalks break down naturally, a kind of top level composting. Then in the spring they planted new seeds. Some didn't till at all.

A new study in Psychiatry Research has concluded that psychiatric diagnoses are scientifically worthless as tools to identify discrete mental health disorders.

The study involved a detailed analysis of five key chapters of the latest edition of the widely used Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition: DSM-5, on 'schizophrenia', 'bipolar disorder', 'depressive disorders', 'anxiety disorders' and 'trauma-related disorders'.

Diagnostic manuals such as the DSM were created to provide a common diagnostic language for mental health professionals and attempt to provide a definitive list of mental health problems, including their symptoms.

While traveling around the Sea of Galilee, visiting Tiberias, Magdala, Capernaum and Kursia in 725 A.D., a Bavarian bishop named Willibald passed through a place called Bethsaida where he saw a church built over the house of the Apostles Peter and Andrew, two brothers who were numbered among the first disciples of Jesus.

The New Testament said they, along with Philip, came from the village of Bethsaida, which in the first century was located on the lakeshore and today is in the Buteiha Valley Nature Reserve. It recounted that Jesus cured a blind man there.

If you go to Facebook or Twitter, you may find a few scientists or doctors pushing supplements or organic food as cure-alls, maybe even a New York University journalist or two, but for the most part the social media strategy for those companies, and most mainstream companies as well, is an intern auto-scheduling content and executives soliciting attention of individual influencers, who are placed under the vaguely sexist umbrella term "mommy bloggers."

It must work, advertising is a trillion dollar a year industry.

Responding to chemical changes is a crucial function of biological cells. For example, cells can respond to chemicals by creating certain proteins, boosting energy production, or self-destructing. Chemicals are also used by cells to communicate with each other and coordinate a response or send a signal, such as a pain impulse.

In the early part of the 19th century, volcanoes had such a dramatic impact people worried the climate was irrevocably changed. The "year without a summer" saw cooler temperatures and there was concern Tambora in Indonesia and four other large eruptions were going to be the norm.

They caused longer droughts in Africa and contributed to the last advance of Alpine glaciers during the Little Ice Age. A new study used computer models to analyze the effects of the series of eruptions on the oceans and thus on atmospheric circulation. But some caution is warranted. It is still a computer model and tens of thousands of variables can resolve differently in the real world.