When the DNA sequences of Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes were sequenced, the difference between the sequences of coding genes was smaller than expected based on the phenotypic differences between both species. If not the coding genes, then what is responsible for these dissimilarities?

   

(Source: godlessgeeks.com)

   

In the words of the authors of a new study that took a look at this question:

Scientists have discovered more about the intricacies of Natural Killer cells, a unique type of white blood cell important in early immune responses to tumors and viruses.  

Unlike most cells of the immune system that are activated by molecules found on the pathogen or tumor, Natural Killer cells are shut down by a group of proteins found on healthy cells. These de-activating proteins, known as Human Leukocyte Antigens or HLA molecules are absent in many tumors and cells infected with viruses, leaving them open to attack by the Natural Killer cells. 

Natural Killer cells recognize the HLA molecules using an inbuilt surveillance system called "Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors" (KIR).

Why do some people, chess players or musicians, practice less but attain more?

For millenia, science and technology have been mobilized toward a Utopian dream; making food so plentiful and cheap poor people could afford to be fat.

Well, they can, and because we have freedom (sort of - some states ban trans fats for your own good) a lot of people are fat; so fat some advocates even insist we should go back to making food too expensive for poor people to eat.  Others contend people should just eat less and keep government out of it.

For people who seek a third alternative, there is the awesome power of science.  Maybe taking a pill would do the trick. 

How do we learn best? 


It depends on the individual! In the video below, Salman Khan is demonstrating what those of us in psychology, education, and intelligence research already knew: Everyone learns at a different pace, in different ways. And I'm not reducing this to 'visual learner' versus 'kinesthetic learner', etc. I mean linear versus non-linear, and all stages in-between. 



A personal story...

Rats exposed to the antidepressant citalopram, a serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), just before and after birth showed substantial brain abnormalities and behaviors, according to a new study. The long-distance connections between the two hemispheres of the brain showed stunted growth and degeneration and the animals also became excessively fearful when faced with new situations and failed to play normally with peers – behaviors reminiscent of novelty avoidance and social impairments seen in autism.

The abnormalities were more pronounced in male than female rats, just as autism affects 3-4 times more boys than girls.

When domesticated agriculture was invented, it took off and revolutionized human expansion but a study of ceramic pots from 15 sites dating to around 4,000 B.C. shows humans may have undergone a gradual rather than an abrupt transition from fishing, hunting and gathering to farming. The researchers analyzed the cooking residues preserved in 133 ceramic vessels from the Western Baltic regions of Northern Europe to establish whether these residues were from terrestrial, marine or freshwater organisms. 

The research team found that fish and other aquatic resources continued to be exploited after the advent of farming and domestication, with pots from coastal locations containing residues enriched in a form of carbon found in marine organisms.

While the incidence of colon cancer has not dropped since 1978, deaths have.  Earlier diagnosis, better treatment?

Perhaps healthier hot dogs.
 
2011 data from the SEER Cancer Statistics Review from the National Cancer Institute shows colon cancer is still out there but the addition of ascorbate (vitamin C) or its close relative, erythorbate, and the reduced amount of nitrite added in hot dogs, mandated in 1978, was recently linked to the decreased death rate.