When it comes to discussion about public schools, the administation's education experts call the educators and students they claim to support 'dismal' on a regular basis.

Stars like Sol are relatively easy to understand, because they are numerous, and live for billions of years, but high mass stars are rare and live for only a few million years. As a result, understanding their early evolution has been a challenge.  

Simple models suggested that when high mass stars become hot enough to ionize the gas around them, heating it to thousands of degrees, the gas will quickly expand. But decades ago, astronomers found that regions of ionized gas around young high mass stars remain small (under a third of a light-year) for ten times longer than they should if they were to expand as predicted. 

First principles are calculations that rely on established mathematical laws of nature without additional assumptions or special models.

But when it comes to the early universe, what are those first principles? We're talking really ab initio - "from the beginning" - as in from the beginning of time onward.  

In the beginning, the cosmos experienced rapid inflation, electrons and protons floated free from each other, the universe transitioned from complete darkness to light, and enormous stars formed and exploded to start a cascade of events leading to our present-day universe.

Stock price movements are predictable during short windows, according to a paper written by academics in the Tippie College of Business at the University of Iowa.

They write that price movements can be predicted with a better than 50-50 accuracy for anywhere up to one minute after the stock leaves the confines of its bid-ask spread. Probabilities continue to be significant until about five minutes after it leaves the spread. By 30 minutes, the predictability window has closed.

We're all capable of committing violence. The person who truly cannot commit violence is quite rare, and likely learned it. Some aspects of behavior depend on interactions in the brain between genetic and environmental factors.

And so, it is said, an individual may be more vulnerable to developing violent behaviors if they have predisposing factors and then undergo stress, abuse, or other triggers, especially early in life.  Neurobiologists have also documented numerous examples of sex differences in the human brain, including differences in brain regions and circuits relevant to violent behavior. 

States that have decriminalized marijuana have also seen dramatic increases in children requiring medical intervention, according to research in the Annals of Emergency Medicine ("Association of Unintentional Pediatric Exposures with Decriminalization of Marijuana in the U.S.") which analyzed call volume to U.S. poison centers from January 2005 through December 2011.