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A new analysis says beer existed in Israel long before its commonly assumed origin in China.

At the Raqefet Cave burial site in Israel, 13,000 year-old stone mortars show evidence of Natufian ritual feasting with fermented food and drink.

Cereal-based beer brewing by those semi-sedentary, foraging people predated the appearance of domesticated cereals by several millennia in the Near East, meaning that agriculture may have come into existence for beer along with food.



Why linguistics attract so much nonsense is because these “crackpots” are not linguists, according to a linguist.

Scholars of yore, when reflecting upon language, would wonder things such as: which of the contemporary languages was spoken by the first man? Which one is superior to the rest? And which of the human tongues deserves the label ‘divine’? Modern linguists will not touch those with a 10-foot pole.

Given the extensive body of historical knowledge collected since, one would expect that claims of Goropian and Rudbeckian absurdity would be a thing of the past.

That would be wrong, writes Gaston Dorren at Aeon.
In 2015, I had an employee write a short consumer awareness book about concussions and football and since NFL offices were a short subway ride we accepted an offer to come over and speak to their physiologists, no filters. 

Concussions are complex but they were and are a high-profile issue, In 2015, Will Smith was set to play Dr. Bennet Omalu in "Concussion", a movie intended to indict the NFL about its treatment of players and head injuries, and so the NFL teamed up with the National Institutes of Health to create awareness, but that seemed to be a concession they were wrong for existing.(1) 
It's no surprise to see a Best Science Websites list. RealClearScience does a great one each year (and I am proud to say I made their list twice) but perhaps even more valuable to the public is a list of science websites to avoid.

Anyone who reads science and then reads environmental sites, or those of sue-and-settle groups like Center for Science in the Public Interest, knows there are a lot of junk science sites out there, and then those who read the Food Babe or homeo- and naturopaths knows there is even more pseudoscience, so getting them all down to a few is the hard part.
Sprouts Extraordinaire of Colorado has been implicated in 30 cases of Salmonella, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Salmonella Reading and Salmonella Abony infections have been reported in nine states. Five people have been hospitalized.

Since 1996, there have been at least 30 reported outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with different types of raw and lightly cooked sprouts.

If your sprouts or your milk are raw, you are making a huge mistake.
President Obama has officially designated the bison as the official mammal of the United States. I didn't actually know we didn't already have a national mammal but I suppose if we have to show we are still capable of designating official stuff of the United States in bipartisan fashion, the buffalo is as good as anything. 
The latest bee population numbers for 2015 came out last week and while they are a guesstimate,  they show a tiny (3%) decrease since their 20-year high from 2014.

No big deal to scientists, bee numbers fluctuate a lot from year-to-year and always have, and overwinter losses do not equal bees in decline, but activists are portraying it as an ecological catastrophe. 

Genetic Literacy Project has the latest on the Colony Collapse Disorder that never was and produced a handy infographic for the evidence-based world.

In a forthcoming American Minerologist paper, Hazen and Ausubel outlined a new mineral-classification system to help geologists better understand the designation of “rare.” They based their work on a similar system by the biologist Deborah Rabinowitz, who studied rare biological species.

According to Rabinovitz, a species can be considered rare if it meets at least one of three criteria: a small geographic range, highly specific habitat requirements, or a small population size.
Project7 makes sugar-free chewing gum flavors like "front porch lemonade"  and now they are adding something extra for gum aficionados - the ability to make combinations. A new package has  complementary flavors in each bag so you can chew them on their own or combined in things like "cookie dough ice cream" and "key lime pie".

"Build a Flavor" gum is being sold exclusively at Target.
The Supreme Court has blocked a key Obama administration environmental rule to limit carbon emissions from power plants.
Hampton Creek may have won the battle - to get around the 1938 Code of Federal Regulations, which govern ‘standards of identity’ and was created specifically to prevent companies from selling fake food using established names - but lost the war.

If they can sell mayonnaise outside the definition of mayonnaise, so can food giant Unilever. And that is just what is happening. "Just Mayo", meet the egg-free alternative to Hellmann's. 
Marge Bloom, who gave birth to American Council on Science and Health Director of Chemical Sciences (and Science 2.0 Featured Columnist) Dr. Josh Bloom - and has never lived that down - is celebrating her 89th birthday today.

Since it is winter time, I hope she is taking a day off from her usual gig escorting lost tourists around Central Park in the Manhattan borough of New York City.

Here she is with her favorite child:


The days when Whole Foods could rely on elite prestige - customer were buying self-identification with higher prices on food - are gone now that organic marketing has actually convinced customers that it's food is not just a process or an ethical way of life but, as economist Chuck Benbrook often tried to claim, actually more nutritious than regular food.

If the food itself is better just by paying for a sticker, then it becomes a price issue; and Whole Foods share prices continue to languish.

They may get worse. An analyst for the stock commissioned a survey and customers said they did not notice any price changes, even after Whole Foods lowered prices. 
We have a really dangerous anti-science problem in America and it involves short-term, pressing issues that can harm people right now - food and medicine. In America, those beliefs are primarily among rich, educated progressives: as Seth Mnookin recounted at NPR and I mentioned in Science Left Behind, you can draw a circle around a Whole Foods and find a whole host of crazy notions about supplements, homeopathy, vaccines and organic food.
US Right To Know, an anti-GMO front group funded by organic food corporations, has made no secret of its willingness to smear and bully and libel scientists and journalists and anyone else who stands up to their campaigns of fear and doubt about the competitors of their clients.

They are Deniers For Hire in the purest sense. A short while ago one of their advisors, Lisa Graves, who runs the political attack site SourceWatch, libeled me by calling me a "felon" but US Right To Know could just dismiss that as not being someone directly working for them. Now they have gone over the top under their own banner.
Remember that terrific egg in a frying pan public service announcement warning us all about the dangers of drugs? 

It was well done, stoners in the 1980s said things like, "I'm so fried" (they are much healthier now, they say they are baked rather than fried) but it was widely ridiculed.

Who knew that 25 years later similar imagery would have the psychology community filled with glee, just because it used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

Littlefield has tackled these issues before, like in 2007 when he debunked "dolphin-assisted therapy."
Do you believe your car grill says something meaningful about you? That a messy office means you are more likely to be racist? That some people have precognitive abilities?

Those are all peer-reviewed psychology papers and, because psychologists claim it is science, they have fed the growing distrust of science by the public. It isn't global warming or GMOs that polarize people the most, it's the 'social sciences'. Like political science or military science, those are not science at all, it is just a proper name, and when the science is just statistics placed into charts by academics who surveyed college undergraduates that either got paid or received extra credit (meaning they are psychology undergraduate students), the public gets weary.
Are conservatives more subservient to authority while liberals are more independent and free thinking?

If you read social science claims, the humanities, and certainly the fringes of partisan science media, you would think so; it's a non-stop culture war by people who just happen to not be conservatives and who claim they are not because, well, conservatives are wrong about everything.
To anti-science hippies, 'drink this pesticide if it is so safe' is the kind of mic-dropping burn that resonates with the sub-literate primates who don't understand the basics of toxicology and buy supplements and deny vaccines.

Drinking any pesticide, organic or synthetic, is an IQ test, not a science experiment. Unless you are writing at whatever GM Watch is.
On Science 2.0, we've long been critical of claims about "brain training" games, Baby Einstein videos, and the whole lot of quick fixes. In brain training games, they only teach you to get better at playing their games.