THE CCA COSMOLOGY HYPOTHESIS

 (A possible General Theory of Cosmology)

From deep within the bowels of the infinite void where tranquil sameness rules a tiny point appears and struggles to be different, wishing only to understand what sameness is and why is it different. Hurriedly it learns before the infinite tranquil sameness once again takes it in its fold.

This simple statement can depict our universe and its evolution by the CCA Cosmology hypothesis.  The CCA Cosmology is a general hypothesis describing Nature from before the causing of our universe to the present complexity and predicts and explains events, particles and forces as known today and also presents some unfamiliar predictions.  This CCA hypothesis evolves the universe via Cosmic Symmetry Breaking (CSB) or phases that usher in specific cosmic changes.

In order to identify and quantify the major components of our universe, or Cosmos, its characteristics as well as its evolution by the CCA Cosmology need descriptions and definitions to allow verifiable predictions.  It is well accepted that the Universe, whatever it is,  is expanding and can possibly be accelerating or be oscillatory.  It is not unreasonable therefore, to consider the cause of the expansion to be some form of “Continuum Creation”.  This was done as part of a comprehensive cosmology hypothesis “Continuum Creation and Annihilation Cosmology”, or CCA Cosmology and is under continual review for verifying its predictions and its improvements from its inception in the 1960s to the present, with peer review publications.    This Continuum of both spatial and temporal coordinates also is the Background itself upon which mass and gravity manifest themselves.  Newtonian Space or volume was capable of existence independent of Time.  General Relativity united these “two” entities into one Spacetime concept, but still it may not be complete.  The concept of CCA “unites” Spacetime and mass (energy) into one Continuum quantized entity (as perfect fluid or “Ylem”).  CCA requires the Lagrangian of “empty space” (even if no gradients) to always be other than zero.  By current observations this Continuum can be identified as the recently “found” Dark Energy, which was predicted with calculable energy density by CCA.  What is observed depends on what behavior of the Continuum is examined (results in Complementarity). The Continuum values calculated use the assumptions that because of Geometry and specific makeup, the Continuum is irrotational on a “cosmic scale”, but not on microscopic boundary regions and the average density is “instantaneously” the same (average) and constant (only dark energy) throughout the Cosmos allowing for a scalar potential (relationship is found by spherical approximation and using the gradient). This means that there is a dependence of the Continuum parameters to the enclosed mass and enclosed volume.  As long as one considers cosmic scales in spacetime (staying away from strong interaction transitional, regions and their boundary with non-zero curl) the values are in agreement with Classical “Flat” and GR values.  The expected deviations, such as the Ricci tensor cannot vanish (mass at “infinity”) or the Energy Tensor has to include the equivalent mass of the Continuum volume, are almost trivial for most “usual” local measurable values.  A good example of the small magnitude of such local values is the solar mass that seems to be increased by about 100 kg (!!) because of this Continuum.  Values become measurable only at cosmic scales, but are correlated to all scales.  The large number of probabilities make macrostates appear as not having quantum behavior (limited time shows only average and as continuous)

This concept of CCA can be approximated as sources and sinks (2^nd order differential) of a specific cosmic fluid or Ylem, but the Ylem itself is a complex mixture of oscillations of simultaneous sources, of deformations and of sinks.  For simplicity, a more “regular” fluid concept can be used to obtain measurable values of Dark Energy and Dark Matter and expansion.  Without digressing into the specific characteristics and behavior of the Continuum, it suffices to state that this Continuum has “equivalent” mass or positive energy density  (6.7x10^-30 g-cm^-3) and if no gradients, ageing is the same everywhere and by the “boundary” it is not local.  It causes a negative pressure (P = w(r_c)( c²) = -2.87x10^-9   dynes/cm² and “no” local displacement, not pushing but separating  everything apart by its continuous creation.  (It also seems to> allow longitudinal waves that can present complex causality issues if the Continuum is totally incompressible and one considers Poisson’s ratio for such waves (?)).  Because of this creation and because the Continuum is the Background itself, “everything” in “local” space is “stationary” (if no local motion) while it separates from all else.  This stationary-separation seems to allow phenomenological “speeds” of almost any value without some SR limitations (no disturbance of Continuum by separation, no horizon problem because of behavior of boundary to “outside” and Entanglement, see Postulate).  CCA does not consider anything cosmic to be of random choice, it is a quantum system where probabilities even “prior” to the Postulate, play a very important role but have rules. Therefore, the most definable and “obvious” evolution is (simply) presented. 

POSTULATE:  (First Cosmic Symmetry Breaking)

“Prior to time” (“Before the Beginning”) there  “exists always”  an Infinite (Apeiron) Timeless (Achronon) Homogeneous, Isotropic, Symmetric, n-dimensional (n≥4 >4) Entity, or Sympan (a  monad super set S, infinite sameness) “That Is All There Is, but is not-Nothing” and it suffers a finite in extent perturbation m , or “crack”, or fissure,  or discontinuity (m≥1 ^>1)  (Phase-0, or “Separation” with broken symmetry) of “zero thickness” and at the same instant one of its dimensions is changed by an “operator” Q, that causes,  time to “Start” only within this perturbed finite region, and this perturbation (evolves into) is our Universe

At its inception (beginning in the 1960s) this concept was different from the Standard Big Bang and as the hypothesis matured it showed that it was providing calculable temperatures, densities and other parameters (Nucleosynthesis, etc.) rivaling the big bang values without some of  the shortcomings of the big bang.  In addition the quantized continuum and oscillations of this hypothesis “almost” causes it to be considered at times and some phase as a “dual”, to some versions of the String Theories.  It must be kept in mind however, that no claim is made of connection to the big bang or to String Theory but only presents its own predictions.   However there is a CCA phase that can reach 10²⁶ Kelvin equivalent and 10⁴⁸ mass density but not at the start.  There is however a continuity from that epoch to the present.   The verifiable predictions may also be similar to other theories but this concept “Continuum Creation and Annihilation Cosmology” (CCA Cosmology) stands on its own, independent of others.  Here, this hypothesis is presented with a very minimal description only to present the major phases of the universe.  Prior to presenting any arguments for, or descriptions of this CCA Cosmology one must understand that whatever is presented here is with reference to the concept that CCA demands the universe to be “HOLISTIC” (Physics only, quantized) with all its meanings and nuances (the timelessness of the Postulate demands this because the Apeiron Achronon is of 2^nd  kind since “we” exist).   This automatically (by the Aylon) makes the universe non-local and correlates cosmic values to particle values (the concept of Dirac’s large numbers may have a basis in fact).  

In the philosophy dictionary the definition of “holistic” is given as:

            “Holistic; characterized by comprehension of the parts of something as intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole” and so it will be taken here. 

Another disclaimer is that only densities and values at symmetry breaks (phase changes) can be as presented, because current sizes and total numbers at non phase change points  are subject to interpretation and one must reference metrics, etc, (as for example by the FLRW metric).  values not at points of CSBs can be expressible as continuous.  Here a given current size or total number is defined as a parameter value of “consequence” where an observer at any point (pseudo- center) in the universe will measure the same relative values as long as the actual universe is what is presented or larger.  This is partially the cause of the Cosmological Principle.

The universal wavefunction(s) for the Sympan prior to the perturbation can virtually (superposed) include not only the universal wavefunctions of both the Aylon (Sympan minus Cosmos) and the Cosmos but possibly all the wavefunctions, or the “essence” (by rules) of all entities possible.  Since the Sympan is timeless these wavefunctions are static and cannot be “collapsed” for an observation (possibly by a different interpretation of Schrödinger’s time independent wave equation as not in both directions?  Achronon entity of 1^st  and  2^nd  kind).  This may not be too different from the concept of Plato’s “ideal” or the essence of all objects which is not the material entity but the concept of the entity that may be the reality.  This concept of Plato’s ideal form is intriguing because one can consider the idea, or the concept, or essence of an object as the specific wavefunction describing the item and its state.  This wavefunction until it is collapsed within the Cosmos only gives probabilities of the state of the object and is not the observable object until it is observed, but can define the object.  The observable object whether a dead or alive cat or a red or blue chair can only become real to us when the eigenvalues are “found” and observation is made, an Operator event, (the Copenhagen interpretation is used mostly except for the First Prime Wavefunction). Prior to the perturbation the virtual (superposed) orthogonal “static” states of the defining “qualities” of the Sympan can be identified as :

                        |y_Sympan>  =         |F_attributes >