The CCA hypothesis explaining Physics and Cosmology puzzles
Below, some well known Physics and Cosmology puzzles are identified and answers are provided by the CCA Cosmology hypothesis. These answers are for the most part verified by experiment or observational values given by articles in diverse journals and may be referenced to such papers.
These phenomena if answered correctly by any theory can assure such a theory to be considered as a candidate for a “General Theory of Cosmology”.
If a General Theory of Cosmology cannot have predicted or explained these identified puzzles, then such a hypothesis is either incomplete or is not a viable candidate for such a title. Only thirty of these anomalies are presented here because they are the most prominent in the scientific community or of most interest to the public.
The questions and the answers as provided by the CCA Cosmology hypothesis:
1) 1) Dark energy, what is it and how much is there?
Dark energy by CCA is quantized Continuum that is “created” in our universe as quantum sources with density = (mp2cLp/4h)(RinfiniteRydberg)3 = 6.7x10-30 g-cm-3, or dark energy is 71% of flat critical total 9.5x10-30 in the universe ([can also use continuity eq.] values used; Planck length, proton mass, light velocity, Planck and Rydberg constants [there is a good reason for Rydberg]). The number and deformation depends on the presence of “sinks”. The Lagrangian is not zero and total universe dark energy value presently is 1.8x1077 erg
2) 2) Is dark energy antigravity?
No! Dark energy has “equivalent mass”
3) Was dark energy always prominent?
No: Because of expansion, only since z~4.4 in this phase. Varies with specific phases.
4) Dark matter, what is it and how much is there?
It is antimatter Xena, 6th generation, stable spin-1 boson with N(x+6) = (1/4p) (lp/Lp)4 = 3.55x1078 total dark matter states in universe with universe density
(3.55x1078)(1.8x10-23)/ (3.056x1085) = 2.14x10-30 or 22.5% of universe total.
5) What are the dark matter states and what is their rest mass?
Dark antimatter with mass 1.8x10-23 g they are the sixth generation Xena spin one boson. Xena by CCA hypothesis are states existing with 7 values of “Sigma space” starting at Phase-2.
6) what is the total number of dark matter states in the universe?
Pi(Gs/G)2 = 3.55x1078 (it is pi (*) ratio strong force (because we use the proton) and gravity square) “conserved” total bosons
7) Is the dark matter and the baryonic matter correlated?
Yes, related by the fine structure constant, and symmetry. Also 2 leptons and 2 nucleons per dark matter Xena state in the universe.
8) Why is dark matter interacting only by gravity?
Xena which are the dark matter states exist (happened Phase-2) with only 7 Sigma quanta and only allow tensor exchange state interactions, is blind to all other. All states have 7 or more Sigma values, thus Everything obeying gravity (leptons have 10, quarks 11+ values)
9) What is the total number of baryons in the universe?
7.11x1078 “conserved” total nucleons and total leptons , actually double the number of Xena because of symmetry, or 4.1% of universe total by mass.
10) Are there more than two families (leptons and quarks) of fundamental elementary particles?
Yes; they are Xena, Leptons, Quarks. Xena are progenitor particles. This hints of possibly only one particle “really” exists with “different Continuum appearance”.
11) Why are there more than one generation of leptons and quarks (fermions)? Mother-daughter symmetry of Xena (3 even generations) and therefore daughter leptons and quarks. Xena are the progenitor particles. Need more than one flavor Xena to build the universe.
12) Why are there only three generations of fundamental elementary fermions? Occam’s razor only 3 Xena, generations (2,4,6) and spin-1required to build the universe, therefore 3 generations of daughter states of fermions (1,2,3) and spin 1/2.
13) Why quarks with three colors?
CCA historically has considered that quarks can be considered as modified leptons with more Sigma values. To “cause” quarks, by CCA, leptons can be rotated in sigma space “left, right, and superposed”, (by defined angles) and “end up” in not whole integer sigma-space coordinates. Therefore quarks are not separable and are three each state with added force and some chiral factor.
14) Why is there a matter-antimatter asymmetry in our universe?
There is NO Baryonic Asymmetry (matter antimatter is balanced by the “sterile” dark antimatter xena+6 and the visible baryonic matter)
15) Did the universe accelerate recently?
Under analysis, the Hubble parameter behaves different since universe, about 70% of present age (z~4.4) when it became dark energy dominant.
16) Can the actual cosmic components of dark energy, dark matter and baryonic matter fractions of the universe be calculated?
Yes, see above.
17) Why Are There Fully Formed Galaxies (Large Structures) SoEarly In The Universe? Combination of dark energy, statistical fluctuations and gravity during the GDE period (early Phase-3g, ~300 million yr after GDE start z~1800) causes large structures to form from the “outside in” and very luminous (1987 graduate seminar paper of large and luminous developing galactic entities similar to recent galaxy “EGS8p7” , or cluster size harmonics (modes) in plasma with statistical fluctuations at the correct GDE epoch fragments the universe to lumps of star clusters, galaxies and cluster sizes up to 1.2x1017 solar masses and behavior comparable to Jeans mass and length values)
18) Is there and if so “why” is there a time-delay of travel and how much is it for energetic photons from primordial gamma ray bursts?
CCA allows a relationship of photon energy and travel delay because of photon “self-gravity” time dilation that seems to agree with measured delays. (Use of Schwarz child solution) and after some math the delay Dt with (t0 cosmic distance , Lplanck length, l observed wavelength) Dt ~(t0)(4p3/2/a)( Lp/lo)
requires about 1017 s travel to become measurable for photons.
19) Why is the proton stable?
The parameters at the start of phases of the universe can all be referenced to the proton (vice-versa). The universe and the proton parameters are coupled (symmetric) quanta at the CSBs.
20) What is a possible mechanism for ultra high energy cosmic rays (knee and ankle)
and why they are not subject to The Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin relativity limit above 1019 eV?
Possibly, some primordial high energy gravitons from phase-2 are still present (<10-14) and when colliding (or even Xena pair formation and decay) with local (galaxy etc) particles their energy up to1023 eV is given to observable baryons within the GZK limit.
21) Are Voids And Walls Distribution Of Galaxies Predictable?
Yes. See Q17.
22) Why CMB And Present Number Densities Of Nucleosynthesis?
Current CCA cosmos number of baryons per cm3 divided by CMB 2.75 kelvin photons in above CCA Volume gives Eta, Is
h=(7.11x1078/3.06x1085)/(411)=5.65x10-10
23) Why Is There Mass And What Is It?
Because we exist! Mass can be taken as sinks of the Continuum or high density quantized Continuum vortices
24) Why and what is gravity?
To build the universe as is! Gravity is the first force to appear (Phase-2) and can be considered the “flow”, deformation (gradients) of the Continuum;
e2/G =(2p /a) (mx2mp/me)2 = (Mplanck)2[(2p/a)]-1.
Phase-2 dictates 7 Sigma quanta and only force of gravitons spin-2 to exist (may have also a scalar??). Every particle has at least 7 sigma values therefore ALL obey gravity. Estimated strength of gravity and EM see above eq. Or in general as (1/m)2 of the carrier particle mass of least generation of each family (see Table Modified Standard Model, Science 2.0 forum, Speculative Physics [messed up format]).
25) Why And What Is Antimatter?
By the postulate the discontinuity cannot break the symmetry of isotropy of the undulating membrane until it can reference within itself as "one or the other" (CSB) by closing upon itself. If the isotropy is not broken nothing happens within this discontinuity. Having broken this cosmic symmetry a state can have its “orientation vector” parallel (+) or antiparallel (-) to the cosmic Hypershell normal. Historically CCA defined If parallel it is antimatter and if antiparallel is matter otherwise same and sum of identical opposites goes to neutral, or as annihilation energy (as sum). This designation is not just convention but has basis on the negative charge of matter electrons and (-1/2) neutrino spin
26) Was There A Big-Bang?
Not as presently assumed, but CCA at one epoch has 1048 density and 1026 kelvin equivalent. This was eons after discontinuity or at Phase-2.
27) What “Was There” Before Time Began Or Did It Always Exist?
For our universe time began at Phase-0, could be orders of magnitude before present phase. See Postulate.
28) Is the universe finite or infinite?
Finite, 3.06x1085 cm3 Volume Of Consequence. There is a universe radius RH that determines a Hubble cavity (ctH) defined by the change of 4-d Hypersurface with (phenomenological) c, over the “volume” of the Hypersurface (12p2R2c/2!)/(4 p2R3)=> Ru=(3/2)ctH= 1.9x1028 cm (or by half of change of the “normal 3-D Volume”).
29) Why The Cosmological Principle?
Every point in the universe is bounded by the “Aylon” (Not Bounded By c) sameness result “same” view from everywhere. Any pseudo-center is same average.
30) Why did the primordial universe start with such low Entropy?
By end of Phase-1 Microstates go to One: S = Kb ln Ω + S0 = S0
These are some questions that must be answered by any candidate for the title of “General Theory of Cosmology”. If a theory can answer the above questions it can then be said that such a hypothesis can be considered as a viable candidate for the General Theory of Cosmology.