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    Science Writing In The Lay Media
    By Becky Jungbauer | December 10th 2008 08:45 AM | 13 comments | Print | E-mail | Track Comments
    About Becky

    A scientist and journalist by training, I enjoy all things science, especially science-related humor. My column title is a throwback to Jane

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    Obviously, scientificblogging.com is all about science writing (it's not just a clever name, as Wayne Campbell would say). Blogging, as Atlantic senior editor Andrew Sullivan said in the November issue, "is, in many ways, writing out loud." But what about that dying breed of the enterprising newspaper science journalist?

    The Washington Post's ombudsman, Deborah Howell, tried to wrap her head around the difficult job science writers have in reporting the news to a lay audience this Sunday in her column. Based on comments posted on the Post's site and discussions on the NASW listserv, how to report science (and how to do it well) isn't a new issue, and it isn't going to go away any time soon.

    Reporting science, be it hard science, soft science, medical science, etc - this is something near and dear to my heart. I worked for three years with health journalism guru Gary Schwitzer on his Web site healthnewsreview.org, a project to improve the accuracy of news stories about health and help consumers evaluate the evidence for and against new ideas in health care. After reading newspapers and watching network news every day for any extended period of time, you become intimately familiar with the state of health reporting.

    In an article in PLoS published in May, Gary described the site's efforts to date and some key findings. In particular:

    In our evaluation of 500 US health news stories over 22 months, between 62 percent – 77 percent of stories failed to adequately address costs, harms, benefits, the quality of the evidence, and the existence of other options when covering health care products and procedures. This high rate of inadequate reporting raises important questions about the quality of the information US consumers receive from the news media on these health news topics.
    What does this have to do with science reporting? Howell's column on Sunday made many of the same points. Evidence, context, funding - it is as important for reporters to convey this to the public as the data. She even called out a few Post reporters as examples of the good and the bad. If you have a chance, check out her column.

    I am excited for the poll function to go live on tihs site because I'd love to see what others think about this issue. What do you, as a science writer, blog visitor, science enthusiast, or whatever your tie to the science journalism world may be, think about the state of science journalism? Is it on the right track? Are criticisms deserved?

    Also, one question that seems to a lightening rod for controvery in every discussion I've ever heard on the topic: should science writers have a science education/background? For example - TV meteorologists have to have a scientific degree, and they are talking about something out of our control (the weather). Should journalists, describing scientific findings that may or may not allow us to take more control of our lives in a direct and personal way, have the same educational requirement?

    Comments

    adaptivecomplexity
    should science writers have a science education/background?
    If you know in college that you want to be a science journalist, you probably should try to get a Bachelor's degree in whatever science field interests you. But I think highly motivated journalists without a science background can learn - as long as they don't deceive themselves into thinking they can just slide into the field without any effort to get some grasp of the technical material.

    All of the best science journalists have some facility at explaining the ideas they are reporting at, at least at a very general level. To succeed, a science journalist has to be able to do more than just parrot what the sources say, which is difficult to do without some ability to grasp the big ideas in the technical material.
    Mike
    spinner
    I agree that science journalists should have some knowledge of the subject they are trying to explain to the world. Your post is exactly the struggle that I often have. I am an aspiring journalist who has hopes in working in the mass media field in science journalism, and I have a B.S. in Biology accompanied by minors in English and Communications. I feel that journalism with a specific focus like health and science, economics and other fields do need a certain level of background in that area. You wouldn't have a teacher with no physics experience expect to teach a room full of kids about Newton's laws. The same applies to a field where you are essentially educating the public. There is another side however, in that a journalist's job is not simply to spout facts to people, they must make their material appealing and accessible to the public as well. Many with a pure science background would rather sit behind a lab bench than take the time and effort to explain the basics to people who think Watson and Crick is a new band. It is a delicate balance, with knowledge and communication skills being at odds with one another and at the same time essential to the  cause of accurate and compelling reporting.
    Stellare
    As scientists we often feel we have to 'sell out' in order to get the message through in media. All simplification results in potential misunderstandings and so a popular article may very well appear to misrepresent the scientific work completely. Scientists hate that. The audience, the public, are often mislead when the short popular versions of scientific results lack the necessary level of details.

    I do not think blogging change the challenges we face when trying to communicate complicated topics, that requires long training to fully understand, to laymen.

    As for education of science writers I am a firm believer that anybody can learn throughout their lives. That has nothing to do with their formal training. It is your interest and efforts to learn that matters. Science writers need to know something about their topics in order be creative and represent the scientific facts correctly (as they can be when simplified). But so should any writer on any topic, right?
    Bente Lilja Bye is the author of Lilja - A bouquet of stories about the Earth
    Hank
    Actually, I don't think we simplify much here - part of the problem in past science journalism was underestimating the audience and thinking it had to be written for the lowest common denominator.   Here, we have all kinds of things that are written far over the heads of anyone but PhDs in specific fields but the audience responds well to it.   It's a challenge to learn.

    If you read the comments by many here who have no science degrees, we definitely live up to our "Internet's smartest readers" billing.   We aren't concerned about the 'long tail' of the audience and having everyone read us, we are happy to settle for 1 million of the smartest.  

    So just keep on writing whatever you want.    People who don't understand right away will get smarter as we go along too.
    Want more no-nonsense, independent science? Buy Science Left Behind
    Stellare
    One could say that this science site lays between scientific journals (some of the articles, not all) and popular (meaning simplified, not read by lots and lots) media.

    My previous comment was a general comment on the topic popularization of science - science for the layman.

    I've been surprised many times of what topics and what level of details layman can consume or are willing to try to understand. It seems to be rather random what topic that is. In geodesy, a field of science hardly anyone knows or have even heard of, tilting and wobbling of the Earth's rotation axis turned out to be very popular. A lot more popular than sea level change or other areas that is easier to grasp for laymen. So, I guess, you never know when people collectively decide to make an effort to understand. :-)
    Bente Lilja Bye is the author of Lilja - A bouquet of stories about the Earth
    Is current scientific journalism doing us a disservice? Would it be better to have it not mentioned at all? Of course not, but what does it do to the public perception of science when their main science news sources are diluted to an 8th grade reading level?

    Science is a complex issue, and portraying it with a series of overly-simplistic, possibly misleading renditions of complex issues creates a false perception. Not only about the subjects at hand, but about science itself. The misconception exists that science is constantly being proven "wrong" and that scientists are never sure of anything. (citation needed, but surely we could find some polling data on that?) It becomes difficult for a diligent science writer to convey what we are certain about when the actual low-level factors that hold the data are considered too far above the reader's head. Particularly far-fetched or "fluffy" findings may be published with higher frequency due to the popularity of such articles.

    The distorted view of what science is and what it can accomplish is amplified by poor journalistic standards. This slows the growth of a mainstream science culture, because these misperceptions must first be overcome before a person can be convinced to take an interest. Slowing that growth slows potential funding increases, and therefore slows the progress of science altogether.

    This, like most things, should probably be approached with science. A set of standards, established by experts in the field, and made known through marketing expertise. Just a few mainstream news sites picking it up could cause a cascade and set a change in motion.

    They could even get a little shiny gold animated gif badge that plays MIDI music to put on their websites so that everybody knows that they're "Science Approved". Or something.

    Becky Jungbauer
    Hi Matt - thanks for your comment. I think a shiny gold animated gif badge would be an oustanding incentive to get certified as an official science writer - I know I want one!! Your argument is right on target - a set of standards established by experts should be met in order to qualify as a science writer for the lay press. Unfortunately, the slow swan song of the newspaper industry does little to encourage raising the bar for the skeletal remains of newsroom staff, and even more unfortunate is the apparent lack of interest in science among those making editorial decisions. If they don't know how important science is to our every day lives, and how important reporting it correctly is, then they won't take the necessary steps to correct the problem.

    Another issue, and one much more difficult to tackle, is the attitude of some - not all - current scientific and health reporters. (There are some excellent science reporters out there; see this post for examples.) Coming from the school of learning on the job, they see no reason to have any sort of formal training in a subject. A fellow reporter once told me that it doesn't matter what the subject is, as a journalist he is trained to ask the right questions and that's enough to tell a good story and get it right. I disagree 100 percent with that statement. I would never try to report on a soccer game because I don't know the first thing about soccer. How can I write an article about a team if I don't know any of the players, the rules of the game, what the outcome means, and the politics of the players, teams, fans, etc? I might accurately report the score of the game but that does nothing to further the reader's understanding of the event, nor its implications. And while some topics are more straightforward - for example, the result of the game was 2-1 in favor of the home team - others are not; for example, the results of a study found potential hotspots influencing colon cancer progression. In the first example, the score is absolute. In the second, there are all sorts of caveats - the maybe, possibly, potentially - of a single study. If a reporter doesn't really understand the constant shifting and refining of ideas in science, the uncertainty won't be conveyed in its proper context. 
    Hank
    This, like most things, should probably be approached with science. A set of standards, established by experts in the field, and made known through marketing expertise. Just a few mainstream news sites picking it up could cause a cascade and set a change in motion.
    You came to the right place.
    Want more no-nonsense, independent science? Buy Science Left Behind
    Rod Rose
    Becky,
     I, too, want a shiny gold animated gif badge demonstrating I have met certain standards and am a Professional Science Journalist. I also want back the time I used to have to research and write compelling, informative stories for my newspaper.

    When defining science journalism, we have to identify the audience. I would expect the persons reading this blog to have a wider vocabulary and background in basic STEM abilities, than most of the persons who subscribe to my newspaper.

    Journalists writing for a general audience -- "popular science," -- have to make some assumptions about their readers; When I write a story about wind turbine farms, I can't assume my audience is familiar with decibel levels, electricity transmission infrastructure, or other issues wind farms can present. I have to explain those issues, usually in less than 600 words, and not bore the readers into ennui.

    And I have to do that knowing no matter how carefully I explain, SOMEONE is going to accuse me of being a tool of the other side, no matter who that other side may be.

    During the 2009/H1N1 pandemic, I identified the virus as 2009/H1N1 -- not as "swine flu," because I had been told by epidemiologists that the latter was inaccurate. This meant re-writing every Associated Press story about the flu, since AP persisted in calling it "swine flu." Why? Dunno: Perhaps it was easier; certainly it was faster. Why has NBC used the phrase "swine flu" despite perfectly reasonable explanations that the phrase is incorrect?

    When talking about the state of science journalism, then, please consider that some of us are trying to reach audiences who have minimal training in the sciences. And more of us than you would think are honestly trying to do our best.

    Becky Jungbauer
    Hi Rod - I understand your last two sentences completely. I've written both for a general daily newspaper and for a specialist journal, and the two styles were totally different because the audiences' levels of engagement in science were totally different. From the daily perspective, it's incredibly difficult to write science well, accurately, and non-ennui inducing. I know that there are many reporters out there that honestly want to do their best; I've been one, and I've met a lot of others! This post isn't directed at them. My frustration lies with the folks that aren't doing their best, whether it stems from not caring or not knowing the subject enough to ask the right questions or seek the best interviewee (as Richard points out below) or for whatever other reasons they have. It does such a disservice to everyone. Imagine if you were watching ESPN and a random person with no knowledge of baseball was conscripted to give the report on what's going on in MLB. They might get some stats right, and you might get a general idea of what happened that day. But what if they messed up a few words? A non-baseball enthusiast might not catch the difference, but an error would have been committed. And the context would be absent, which I think can be just as important as the numbers. Intent is important, and hopefully there aren't many reporters out there that just don't care. Most I know care very much. But that can only take you so far.
    In answer to your question, Becky, yes I do. Even though I'm not a scientist by profession, I still have been formally educated in the scientific disciplines about which I write. I have even worked in a couple of them in a professional capacity from time to time. So, I have experience as well as education.

    I believe it is imperative that if someone is going to write something on a topic in science, then they had better darn well know what the heck they're talking about. I may not be a prolific writer, but at least you know when you've read something of mine that I know what the heck I've written about. There is already too much misinformation out there. And, I'm sorry to have to say this, but the Internet has contributed greatly to the problem. That's why it is so important to me that when I do write something, whether it be an article for this site or on one of my Web sites, that I get it right.

    In many of the scientific disciplines, about 80% of the progress that has been made has been made in the last 50 years or so. And, I feel that without at least a strong background in science on the college level, it would be very difficult for someone to acquire the requisite knowledge to understand what's going on in the scientific world much less write about it. I have a background in physics, chemistry (I especially liked organic chemistry), geology, astronomy, astrophysics, philosophy, mathematics and logic plus a couple of years of graduate level work, and even I have trouble keeping up with what's going on in the scientific community. And where I'm no Einstein, I'm still a pretty smart fella.

    Anyway, that's my two cents.
    Richard King

    Writing about anything does not make much sense unless the author has some knowledge of the subject, whether they are journalists or not. 

    There are a vast numbers of people with science backgrounds who write out of their own specialist area and frequently come up with rubbish. Even those with titles, including academic ones, by which they purport to be knowledgeable in any particular field, still manage to write materials that show they do not really understand their subject, or that part of it; their certainty and arrogance is inversely proportional to their actual knowledge and experience.

    The problem is not just with science. In a world heavily dependent on technology, it is inevitable that there will be occasional failures and here is a tendency for journalists to go running to scientists for explanations. In particular, I have read of comments along that line about rocket launch failures where journalists have gone running to scientists and asked them for answers rather than engineers and the scientists have been at a loss to answer. Engineering is not science, or even applied science, it is much more. Rocket science is not science; it is engineering structures, dynamics of structures, engineering materials, chemistry, engineering thermodynamics (not the same as classical thermodynamics), fluid flow, aerodynamics, etc. etc., quite apart from the manufacturing production engineering side.

    There is a particularly well known scientist and prolific writer who frequently takes the approach, “now, looking at this from an engineer’s point of view … ”, then proceeds to write, or expound, as a scientist, not as an engineer; he assumes and presumes too much for his knowledge and experience.

    Whatever subject one writes about, it is highly advisable to at least know enough to be able to ask questions of appropriately knowledgeable and experienced people, as well as produce a coherent article on the basis of that.

    For how not to write large tracts of Wikipedia are excellent examples, especially in my non-engineering, non-mainstream science subject areas, though even he mainstream parts of Wikipedia are not that brilliant.

    My engineering, technology and science background is fairly broad. I also have many years, at least two decades, of knowledge and experience of areas, subjects, with which mainstream science struggles, to put it mildly. I always try to make sure that what I write is coherent and well reasoned and endeavour to tread carefully when I stray, or need to go, outside of my strong areas of knowledge and expertise. My standards of writing, English language and science (approach to rather than levels of knowledge) are more of the 1950s to 1970s era; it has “dumbed down” a great deal in the U.K. in recent decades. For substantial writing I endeavour to approach engineering report standard; even my book manuscript, which is autobiographical but unique in a particular way, is acknowledged by my editor, to be close to engineering report level; even following her red mark suggestions for alteration should not detract too much from that.


    Becky Jungbauer
    Writing about anything does not make much sense unless the author has
    some knowledge of the subject, whether they are journalists or not.
    I couldn't have said it better myself!
    There are a vast numbers of people with science backgrounds who write
    out of their own specialist area and frequently come up with rubbish.
    That's an important point. Especially as you move up in the scientific echelons, the more specialized you are the less your knowledge can be broadly applied. A pharmacologist may know a bit about chemistry, for example, simply because chemistry is part of your studies. But I wouldn't ask a pharmacologist about an in-depth chemistry question, I'd go to a chemist for that.