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    Chesterton and Evolution
    By Robert H Olley | January 1st 2012 12:41 PM | 5 comments | Print | E-mail | Track Comments
    About Robert H

    Until recently, I worked in the Polymer Physics Group of the Physics Department at the University of Reading.

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    As some of you are aware, I am a fan of the writings of G.K.Chesterton.

    In 1903, in an essay The Return of the Angels, he came out with this surprising statement:

    Of the thousands of brilliant and elegant persons like ourselves who believe roughly in the Darwinian doctrine, how many are there who know which fossil or skeleton, which parrot’s tail or which cuttle-fish’s stomach, is really believed to be the conclusive example and absolute datum of natural selection? . . . What we know, to use a higher language, are the fruits of the spirit.  We know that with this idea once inside our heads a million things become transparent as if a lamp were lit behind them: we see the thing in the dog in the street, in the pear on the wall, in the book of history we are reading, in the baby in the perambulator and in the last news from Borneo.  And the fulfilments pour in upon us in so natural and continual a cataract that at last is reached that paradox of the condition which is called belief.

    But in later years, he retracted from the theory of evolution, until he became a strong opponent of it.  I recently stumbled upon a two-part web article, which ascribes this to his opposition to the Eugenics movement.  If you are interested, here are the links to the two parts:

    Part 1 : Part 2

    If anyone has any comments, I would love to hear them.

    Comments

    Hank
    We can't fault Chesterton for wanting to debunk eugenics and a lot of biologists in that period were endorsing it and rationalizing it with evolution so he wasn't all wrong for attacking the source.  
    Want more no-nonsense, independent science? Buy Science Left Behind
    Gerhard Adam
    I think the issue of eugenics is/was a legitimate concern and is still very much with us today.  There appears to be some incessant desire to "improve" the human species without actually defining what that means (although it invariably involves ensuring that those with advantage tend to retain it).

    We see similar arguments being made regarding the transhumanist movement [although they are more conscious of trying to distance themselves from the old-style eugenics].  Now instead of biological improvements, we think we can circumvent those difficulties by postulating a merging of biological/technological components; the human-computer interface.

    In part, the irony is that humans think that they can improve on a system that has successfully operated for billions of years without their intervention, but now with a mere few decades of knowledge, we want to presume to "know better".  I suspect this fits right in with Sascha's recent post about science becoming a religion. 

    I also tend to agree that Chesterton was likely appalled at the notion of eugenics, especially during a period where the mechanisms of genetics weren't yet understood.  It would have been clear to someone like Chesterton, that the artificial selection of a eugenics program would ultimately bear no resemblance to Darwin's theory, and consequently it was Darwin's theory that was being hijacked to simply advance some individual's interests under the guise of "scientific progress".
    UvaE
    Eugenics is unfortunately not dead, as you well know. Its spirit lives in concepts like dysgenics as described in this Wiki article on psychologist Richard Lynn:

    Lynn asserts that natural selection in pre-industrial societies favored traits such as intelligence and character but no longer do so in modern societies. He argues that due to the advance of medicine, selection against those with poor genes for health was relaxed.

    Regarding intelligence, Lynn examines sibling studies. Lynn concludes that the tendency of children with a high number of siblings to be the least intelligent is evidence of dysgenic fertility. Lynn concedes that there has been a genuine increase in phenotypic intelligence (see Flynn effect), but argues that this is caused by environmental factors and is masking a decline in genotypic intelligence.

    Lynn points to evidence that those with greater educational achievement have fewer children, while children with lower IQ come from larger families [37] as primary evidence that intelligence and fertility are negatively correlated.
    Since the "How we got here" questions lead to the "What are we to do here?" questions, as personified with the development of the eugenics movement, perhaps there is a different view of the development of the universe than the literal "six 24hr days" scheme that some Creationists set forth. It has become a "straw man" that those who oppose any form of a creative hand in the development of the cosmos itself, our planet, living things on it, and finally ourselves as cognitive, rational, and moral beings and is used to supposedly invalidate any "Creation" model... .

    But, is there any other explanation that nicely ties together the science we now have, and Biblical cosmology, since so much flows from what we call our as our first principle? In short, either there is, or is not an intelligence that created all things. And, did this intelligence communicate to us true facts (not some mere assertions) about all this, and what we are to do here, especially as to how we treat fellow humans in regards to eugenics? If we are just biological machines, then all is permitted, as history so tragically proved in the last century. If we have a divine purpose, then what we do to one another is quite important.

    Surprisingly, the idea of science/creation disconnect would have bewildered leading academics in the past.

    James Dana, (1813-1895) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana Silliman Prof. of Geology and Mineralogy at Yale, one of the leading academics sets forth a view that may well re-define this argument that could shock people. In his textbook "Manual of Geology" (published many times ca. 1863, and runs about 800 pages) contains a section on Cosmology. It should be noted that Princeton's Arnold Guyot, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Henry_Guyot Blair Prof. of Geology and Physical Geography also discoursed on the same topic, published as "Creation: Or The Biblical Cosmology In The Light Of Modern Science" and Dr. Dana endorsed Guyot's work.

    Internet Archive has these on file, may be worthwhile to download the PDF's, for perusal.
    Here below is an excerpt from Dana:

    "Cosmogony of the Bible.—There is one ancient document on cosmogony—that of the opening page of the Bible—which is not only admired for its sublimity, but is very generally believed to be of divine origin, and which, therefore, demands at least a brief consideration in this place.

    In the first place, it may be observed that this document, if true, is of divine origin. For no human mind was witness of the events; and no such mind in the early age of the world, unless gifted with superhuman intelligence, could have contrived such a scheme;— would have placed the creation of the sun, the source of light to the earth, so long after the creation of light, even on the fourth day, and, what is equally singular, between the creation of plants and that of animals, when so important to both; and none could have reached to the depths of philosophy exhibited in the whole plan.

    Again, If divine, the account must bear marks of human imperfection, since it was communicated through man. Ideas suggested to a human mind by the Deity would take shape in that mind according to its range of knowledge, modes of thought, and use of language, unless it were at the same time supernaturally gifted with the profound knowledge and wisdom adequate to their conception; and even then they could not be intelligibly expressed, for want of words to represent them.

    The central thought of each step in the Scripture cosmogony— for example. Light,—the dividing of the fluid earth from the fluid around it, individualizing the earth,—the arrangement of its land and water,—vegetation,—and so on—is brought out in the simple and natural style of a sublime intellect, wise for its times, but unversed in the depths of science which the future was to reveal. The idea of vegetation to such a one would be vegetation as he knew it; and so it is deseribed. The idea of dividing the earth from the fluid around it would take the form of a dividing from the fluid above, in the imperfect conceptions of a mind unacquainted with the earth's sphericity and the true nature of the firmament,—especially as the event was beyond the reach of all ordinary thought.

    Objections are often made to the word "day,"—as if its use limited the time of each of the six periods to a day of twenty-four hours. But in the course of the document this word "day" has various significations, and, among them, all that are common to it in ordinary language. These are—(1) The light,—"God called the light day," v. 5; (2) the "evening and the morning" before the appearance of the sun: (3) the "evening and the morning" after the appearance of the sun; (4) the hours of light in the twenty-four hours (as well as the whole twenty-four hours), in verso 11; and (5) in the following chapter, at the commencement of another reoord of ereation, the whole period of ereation is called "a day." The proper meaning of "evening and morning," in a history of creation, is beginning and completion; and, in this sense, darkness before light is but a common metaphor.

    A Deity working in creation like a day-laborer by earth-days of twenty-four hours, resting at night, is a belittling conception, and one probably never in the mind of the saered penman. In the plan of an infinite God, centuries are required for the maturing of some of the plants with which the earth is adorned.

    The order of events in the Scripture cosmogony corresponds essentially with that which has been given. There was first a void and formless earth: this was literally true of the "heavens and the earth," if they were in the condition of a gaseous fluid. The succession is as follows:—

    (1.) Light.

    (2.) The dividing of the waters below from the waters above the earth (the word translated waters may mean fluid).

    (3.) The dividing of the land and water on the earth.

    (4.) Vegetation; which Moses, appreciating the philosophical characteristic of the new creation distinguishing it from previous inorganic substances, defines as that "which has seed in itself."

    (5.) The sun, moon, and stars.

    (6.) The lower animals, those that swarm in the waters, and the creeping and flying species of the land.

    (7.) Beasts of prey ("creeping" here meaning "prowling").
    (8.) Man.

    In this succession, we observe not merely an order of events, like that deduced from science; there is a system in the arrangement, and a far-reaching prophecy, to which philosophy could not have attained, however instructed.

    The account recognizes in ereation two great eras of three days each,—an Inorganic and an Organic.

    Each of these eras opens with the appearance of light: the first, light cosmical; the second, light from the sun for the special uses of the earth.

    Each era ends in a " day" of two great works,—the two shown to be distinct by being severally pronounced "good." On the third "day," that closing the Inorganic era, there was first the dividing of the land from the waters, and afterwards the creation of vegetation, or the institution of a kingdom of life,—a work widely diverse from all preceding it in the era. So on the sixth "day," terminating the Organic era, there was first the creation of Mammals, and then a second far greater work, totally new in its grandest element, the creation of Man."

    Hope this is some help.
    From my viewpoint, the concept of "Man being the grandest element" has immense intellectual import in our modern world which, as Chesterton wrestled with, seems to wallow in a swamp of alternative ideologies that in the end...have no place or identity for you , me and the rest of our 7,012,926 327+ fellow earth-bound residents... .

    Gerhard Adam
    If we are just biological machines, then all is permitted...
    This statement makes no sense.  Who is to grant "permission"?  The statement assumes that any individual can choose a course of action while all others are merely hapless victims.  Further, it presumes that the mere existence of a deity is sufficient to curtail such activities [which history amply demonstrates isn't true].

    This is a complete straw-man argument.

    As has been stated elsewhere, ad nauseum, you cannot simply postulate an pre-existing "intelligence" and consider the problem of intelligence resolved.  Whatever knowledge we lack isn't resolved by invoking magic, or simply arguing that the phenomenon in question is "infinite".