As economic policy, carbon trading doesn't seem to work. Mandating a market and forcing people to participate is in defiance of what a market is.

Markets for trading carbon emission credits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are in place in some countries, and even a few US states, so there is at least some idea about what does and does not work. 

During the 43rd Annual Meeting&Exhibition of the American Association for Dental Research, held in conjunction with the 38th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association for Dental Research,  Stephen H. Abrams of Cliffcrest Dental Office in Toronto chaired a symposium titled "Water Fluoridation: Safety Efficacy and Value in Oral Health Care."

Somewhere around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic period, the southern Swedish county of Skåne was a tropical paradise populated by dinosaurs and volcanoes.

One sudden volcanic eruption caused a fern to be preserved instantaneously and now researchers from Lund University and the Swedish Museum of Natural History have made a unique discovery; both undestroyed cell nuclei and individual chromosomes have been found in the plant fossil.

The Higgs boson, colloquially called the God Particle because of its fundamental nature, may not be the smallest particle out there. Well before the Higgs had even been found at the Large Hadron Collider, there were lots of hypotheses put forth as to what forces and particles might make up its existence.

Thomas Ryttov, particle physicist and associate professor at the Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology (CP ³ - Origins) at University of Southern Denmark, says what he calls the most important of these hypotheses has been critically reviewed and that the existence of smaller yet unseen particles is now more likely than ever. 

"There seems to be no new or unseen weaknessess. My review just leaves them just stronger," he says.

A research team has detected water vapor in the atmosphere of tau Boo b, a "hot Jupiter" planet outside our solar system. 

The team applied a Doppler technique to the infrared to directly detect tau Boo b and demonstrate the presence of water in its atmosphere. Tau Boo b orbits the nearby star tau Boötis, 51 light years away. Unlike our Jupiter, which is fairly cold and has an orbital period of about 12 years, the hot Jupiter tau Boo b orbits its star every 3.3 days and is heated to extreme temperatures by its proximity to the star. Under these conditions, water will exist as a high temperature steam.

Like most of the developed world, European citizens are suffering from 'green fatigue' - claims that it is too late to do anything about climate change alternating with demands that more action is needed right now. Solar power has been an expensive endeavor and hasn't led to private sector uptake as promised. Even Chinese solar panel companies that relied on Western subsidies are collapsing.

In reality, no one is sure what works and what doesn't but the heads of the EU member states are meeting in Brussels to discuss the adoption of a 40 percent greenhouse gas reduction target for 2030. Advocates claim such front runner action could reduce future global warming by more than 1 degree - if their bold leadership induced others to join by 2030.