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    Scales Of Depravity, Part 3: Science Frauds
    By Becky Jungbauer | April 29th 2009 09:36 PM | 28 comments | Print | E-mail | Track Comments
    About Becky

    A scientist and journalist by training, I enjoy all things science, especially science-related humor. My column title is a throwback to Jane

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    Who among us hasn't been tempted to take the easy way out? Hopefully we choose to do the right thing, but this isn't always the case. It's bad enough when your actions just affect you. But when they affect the rest of the world? And mislead people working toward collective knowledge? That puts you on the ranks of the scales of depravity.

    Part 1 dealt with the Rock of Love; part 2 examined anything with "real" in the title. Part 3 lists a few of the frauds, fakers and other cheaters in the realm of science.

    Archaeology - Charles Dawson, Reiner Protsch von Zieten, Shinichi Fujimura

    In 1912 England, Charles Dawson had made a stunning discovery: the link between humans and primates. The so-called Piltdown man, named Eoanthropus dawsoni, was dug up by the amateur archaeologist, and had a human-sized brain compartment and ape-sized jaw. Dawson unearthed a LOT of other spectacular finds, including a previously unknown species of mammal (Plagiaulax dawsoni), three new species of dinosaur, and a new form of fossil plant, Salaginella dawsoni.

    Just 41 years later, scientists concluded it was a forgery. The human skull was just 6000 years old. And the jawbone? Orangutan. All of the fossils found at the landmark Piltdown site had been planted.

    No wonder Dawson didn't find a link - the real missing link between Neandertals and modern humans was hiding in a peat bog near Hamburg - or so said Reiner Protsch von Zieten, a German professor. Von Zieten was acclaimed for such finds as the 36,000 year old Hahnhöfersand Man, the 21,300 year old Binshof-Speyer woman, a 50 million-year-old "half-ape" called Adapis that had been found in Switzerland, and the 27,400 year old Paderborn-Sande man. His work work "appeared to prove that anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals had co-existed, and perhaps even had children together," according to the 2005 Guardian article. Oops - apparently von Zieten literally had no idea how to work the carbon dating machine. The heralded findings? H-Man: died 7,500 years ago; B-S woman (ha): died in 1300 BCE; Adapis: actually dug up in France (not sure about dates); P-S man: died in 1750.

    It's not bad enough he falsifed data and rewrote the history of anthropology. He also faked his own history - not of noble blood at all, but the son of a Nazi MP. He is tied to the shredding of documents detailing "gruesome" Nazi scientific experiments and the disappearance of heads from some of the 12,000 skeletons at the university.

    Another archaeologist, Japan's Shinichi Fujimura, can at least be excused for planting his "finds" - the devil made him do it. Or so he said when he was caught in 2000. His nickname, "God's hands," came from his uncanny ability to find prehistoric artifacts. Too bad he was caught on camera digging holes and burying objects.

    Physics - Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann, Mileva Maric, Jan Hendrik
    Schön


    Chemists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann stunned the world when they claimed in 1989 to have successfully created cold fusion (at room temperature). But scientists, excited to replicate the experiment and contribute to the new revolution in energy production, couldn't do it. The two were called a lot of names, including fraudulent, sloppy, and unethical. They were also exonerated by some (even the NY Times), instead placing the blame on the University of Utah and the media. The jury is still out on these guys.

    Students of the history of science, physicists, and conspiracy theorists probably recognize Mileva Maric's name: Serbian mathematician, physics scholar, and, oh yes, first wife of Einstein. Unlike the other members of this article, people contend that she was the victim of scientific fraud. By whom? None other than Einstein. A controversial theory posits that Maric contributed to the Annus Mirabilis papers, including theories on Brownian motion and the theory of relativity. These papers changed views on space, time and matter, so you'd think she'd want her name on the byline. The current consensus seems to be that she was an assistant and sounding board, but who really knows?

    Jan Hendrik Schön did the unthinkable in 2000 - he made molecules that don't ordinarily conduct electricity into semiconductors. He and his colleagues had "conducted electricity where it had never gone before." He went into publishing mode and a mere five years after grad school was a contender for the Nobel. But a group from Bell Labs, where he worked, placed a call to a Princeton physics professor and hinted that things weren't as they seemed. Two years later, Schön had denied wrongdoing, junior professors were nervous that their tenure bids tied to trying to replicate the experiment were in jeopardy, and the U.S. Department of Energy had spend millions in funding for further research.

    Biology and Medicine - Friedhelm Herrmann and Marion Brach, Watson and Crick and Wilkins, Hwang Woo-Suk, Kazunari Taira

    Hindsight is 20/20. People suspect Friedhelm Herrmann and Marion Brach, former collaborators and lovers, began falsifying data back in 1988. The molecular biologists headed a big research group in Berlin (after working in the U.S.) and co-authored dozens of papers. One in particular showed Brach's work on tumor necrosis factor affecting cancer cells.

    After the two broke up and went their separate ways, students came forward saying they had been threatened by the pair to keep quiet about fraudulent data. Almost 100 papers were found to have falsified or made-up data. Naturally they each blamed the other; Herrmann sued the dean of Medicine at Ulm for $10 million Deutsche marks, saying he knew nothing of the fake data in the papers he co-authored. Brach said Herrmann had pressed her to cheat. In 2002, two years after a task force had published its findings on the scandal, 14 of 20 journals that responded to an inquiry hadn't retracted any of the fradulent papers.

    Watson and Crick and Maurice Wilkins received the Nobel for their work on nucleic acid (and are more famously known for the DNA double helix), but the honor was only partly theirs. Allegedly Wilkins didn't like his King's College colleague Rosalind Franklin, who was creating the world's best X-ray diffraction pictures of DNA. Watson said Wilkins showed him an unpublished picture of Franklin's - and the rest is history.

    Hwang Woo-Suk is a big dog in the fraud world - the Korean was world-famous in 2004 and 2005 for creating human embryonic stem cells via cloning. His success meant that patients could receive custom-made treatment without immune reactions. His team was also the first to successfully clone a dog (Snuppy the puppy). But the glory didn't last for long. In late 2005 concerns started to surface about his data. On May 12, 2006, Hwang was indicted on embezzlement and and bioethics law violations linked to faked stem cell research. He denies wrongdoing, of course. (But the cloned dog was actually real.)

    In 2003 Kazunari Taira, who had used a lot of public money to research RNA interference in anticancer drugs, published a paper saying he had succeeded in having E. coil bacteria produce the human enzyme Dicer. But no one else could reproduce the experiments, so complaints started flooding the Japan RNA Society. They asked Tokyo University to look into the matter, but announced 10 months later it could not make a case against the researcher because there wasn't enough evidence. Literally - no data had been left behind.

    There are many more cases, of course. These are just a few of the people that committed fraud (and were caught).

    Comments

    I suggest you learn something about cold fusion before commenting on it. You will find a bibliography of 3,000 papers and 500 full-text papers on cold fusion here:

    http://lenr-canr.org/

    Hank
      The jury is still out on these guys.
    Was putting it nicely.   Gary Taubes, who wrote the book on that fiasco, said 
    I had also, obviously, with cold fusion, interviewed some of the worst scientists in the world. I used to joke with my friends in the physics community that if you want to cleanse your discipline of the worst scientists in it, every three or four years, you should have someone publish a bogus paper claiming to make some remarkable new discovery — infinite free energy or ESP, or something suitably cosmic like that. Then you have it published in a legitimate journal ; it shows up on the front page of the New York Times, and within two months, every bad scientist in the field will be working on it. 
    She was talking about fraud and those guys were doing it.   20 years later, cold fusion is not dead but there is no evidence at all that they are ready for prime-time the way your advocacy site claims.
    Want more no-nonsense, independent science? Buy Science Left Behind
    Gary Taubes is a scientific illiterate. Quoting my review of his book:

    "[Taubes] claims people sometimes measure electrolysis amperage alone and not voltage, and he thinks that regulated power supplies put out more electricity over the weekend because factories use less power. He thinks some researchers measure tritium once, after the experiment, without establishing a baseline or taking periodic samples. His book is filled with hundreds of similar errors. Perhaps the most mind-boggling one was his statement that a cell might have huge temperature gradients, 'say fifty degrees hotter on one side than the other.' This is like asserting that you might stir a cup of coffee, drink from the right side and find it tepid, but when you turn the cup around and drink from the left side, it will be steaming hot."

    By the time Taubes wrote his book, hundreds of peer-reviewed papers on cold fusion had been published. He did not reference a single one of them. He based the book on telephone interviews with a list of people who have not written any papers and who know nothing about the subject.

    Anyone who is impressed by Taubes, or who cites him, clearly knows nothing about cold fusion, and probably nothing about electricity or hot water for that matter.

    As for the notion that LENR-CANR.org is an "advocacy site" please note that it includes nearly every anti-cold fusion paper ever published. It is the world's largest anti-cold fusion website.

    Becky Jungbauer
    Hi Jed - thank you for your comments. I wasn't suggesting the study of cold fusion itself is fradulent, nor did I say that the two scientists had been convicted of any crimes. They happen to be pretty high up on lists of "infamous" scientists, so I included them. If cold fusion technology ever gets to the point where it can be applied globally, that would be fantastic.
    Let me address the notion that Fleischmann, Pons and the other ~2000 researchers who have confirmed cold fusion have committed fraud by publishing papers in peer-reviewed journals. Okay, what kind fraud would that be? Thousands of distinguished elderly scientists have hurt their own reputations and derailed their careers for 20 years. Where is the payoff? Why did they do this, and who -- exactly -- are they defrauding?

    If you believe this is fraud absent any evidence, motive, or modus operandi, you are extremely gullible and I suppose you will believe any damn thing. It is surprising to me how often people who call themselves skeptics will instantly fall for this kind of nonsense, without examining the proposition or thinking about it for a moment.

    I suggest you go to a university library and read some papers on cold fusion. You will find roughly 1,200 in any decent collection of peer-reviewed journals. Perhaps you will find evidence of fraud!

    Becky Jungbauer
    Jed - once again, I am not attacking cold fusion, the act of publishing papers on cold fusion, scientists working on cold fusion, or anything remotely related to cold fusion. I simply listed these two scientists -  both who still have many good papers to their name and are still considered brilliant by those who know them - because this particular experiment was difficult to replicate and people questioned whether it was real or fraud. But as I said in the article, there are differing opinions as to the veracity of their work on this particular experiment - not on the rest of their work or the cold fusion world.
    Becky Jungbauer wrote:

    "Jed - once again, I am not attacking cold fusion . . ."

    I realize you are not. You are, however, mistaken. Your version of history is incorrect.

    "I simply listed these two scientists - both who still have many good papers to their name and are still considered brilliant by those who know them - because this particular experiment was difficult to replicate and people questioned whether it was real or fraud."

    Well, I would ask which people questioned whether it was real or fraud? When and where did they question it, and why? But anyway, let's quickly review what you wrote:

    "Chemists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann stunned the world when they claimed in 1989 to have successfully created cold fusion (at room temperature)."

    CORRECT. They did stun the world. And they did, in fact, successfully create cold fusion. We know that because they were independently replicated thousands of times. Many people even now refuse to believe it, but facts are facts. Science is based on peer-reviewed replication, not opinions.

    "But scientists, excited to replicate the experiment and contribute to the new revolution in energy production, couldn't do it."

    NOT QUITE. Some scientists at first, who knew nothing about electrochemistry, were unable to replicate. Others did replicate. The positives far outnumbered the negatives by 1992. The energy revolution may or may not occur, but experts who understand the subject in depth, such as Fleischmann and McKubre believe it is likely to occur if the research is funded.

    "The two were called a lot of names, including fraudulent, sloppy, and unethical."

    CORRECT However, these attacks proved to be completely baseless. Fraudulent or sloppy results cannot be replicated. There is nothing unethical about publishing experiments that other people later replicate in large numbers.

    The facts put your assertions in a different light, don't they? You were probably unaware of these facts. If you had known about all those replications, you would not repeat accusation that the results were fraudulent, without adding "but that can't be true, we now know." Otherwise it would be as if you repeated the 1906 attack by the Scientific American on the Wright brothers claiming they were frauds. History proved the Sci. Am. was wrong.

    You wrote:

    "Hi Jed - thank you for your comments."

    Thank you!

    "I wasn't suggesting the study of cold fusion itself is fradulent . . ."

    Well, if the study of cold fusion is not fraudulent, then how could Fleischmann and Pons be frauds? That doesn't follow. Are you suggesting that their results were faked, but subsequently, the same results were reproduced thousands of times for real, in a fantastic coincidence? Or do you suggest that all results are fake? The study of cold fusion began in 1927, and as I mentioned thousands of researchers have contributed to it, so if Fleischmann and Pons are frauds then we must be looking at a conspiracy to commit fraud that has continued for 82 years undetected, made up of a secret cabal that includes several Nobel laureates, dozens of distinguished professors, the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India, and many others. Why are all these people committing fraud? What do they hope to accomplish?

    "They happen to be pretty high up on lists of "infamous" scientists, so I included them."

    Says who? What is the basis for that list? Who circulated it, and what evidence do they offer to confirm it? I realize, of course, that many people have accused Fleischmann and Pons of fraud. What I am saying is that if you examine the evidence you will see that is probably not true. In my opinion, it is not a good idea to accuse distinguished scientists of fraud without doing some fact-checking. It is not a good idea to repeat scurrilous, unfounded, ad hominem attacks on people you know nothing about. You may cause harm without meaning to.

    Gerhard Adam

    "You will find a bibliography of 3,000 papers and 500 full-text papers on cold fusion here."

    So where is the actual evidence?

    All that aside.  What we definitely know is that it isn't nearly as easy to produce as first stated.  So in that respect the original researchers were clearly wrong and probably quite sloppy.

    While many experimental results are claimed, the majority are at the limit of measurement and with no viable theory explaining the phenomenon, are relegated to be viewed as perpetual motion machines are. 

    There are certainly some new papers that have come out from the Navy (and others) which suggest that maybe there's some evidence that the phenomenon is real, and consequently there may be an opportunity for researchers to find out what is actually happening (and perhaps even develop a working theory about how it functions).  However the basic problem remains.

    If it is to be a cheap, easy to produce form of energy, then why is it so difficult to produce even the most trivial results?  Instead of publishing papers using CR-39 detectors as evidence, how about just powering a 25-watt bulb for a few hours?  Without that, there is no point talking about cold fusion because it is obvious that nothing approaching it has actually been achieved.  The biggest claim that could be made, is that there MAY be a possibility that fusion reactions can occur at lower temperatures (although even the amount of input energy required may not be able to be recouped).

    I'm quite prepared to admit that I may be wrong, but let's also be clear that in the 20 years since it was first announced, the "science" of cold fusion has done nothing to improve the skepticism it has been viewed with.  If all the labs claiming results are true, then there should be improvements in the results over time and we should see progress in the development of this field.  However, given the enthusiasm by which these results have been presented, it doesn't appear that there is any "free energy" on the horizon any time soon.

    Gerhard Adam wrote:

    "'You will find a bibliography of 3,000 papers and 500 full-text papers on cold fusion here.'

    So where is the actual evidence?"

    In the 3,000 papers. Where else would it be?

    "All that aside. What we definitely know is that it isn't nearly as easy to produce as first stated."

    No one ever stated that it was easy. I have spoken with several hundred scientists who have replicated, including Fleischmann and Pons. Not one of them said it was easy. On the contrary, most of them said it was the most difficult experiment they ever did. It is, however, far easier than constructing a Tokamak plasma fusion reactor.

    "So in that respect the original researchers were clearly wrong and probably quite sloppy.

    There were not wrong, they never said anything like that, and they are among the least sloppy people I know.

    "While many experimental results are claimed, the majority are at the limit of measurement . . ."

    Either you know nothing about cold fusion, or you are talking about some other research. Note that 20 W to 100 W of heat with no input power, and 10E18 tritium atoms are not at the limits of measurement.

    "If it is to be a cheap, easy to produce form of energy, then why is it so difficult to produce even the most trivial results?"

    It is not easy. But if the difficulties can be overcome it will be very cheap. Many scientific breakthroughs are difficult at first, but later become easy and cheap. Your computer, for example, would have filled a building and cost $1 billion in 1960.

    "I'm quite prepared to admit that I may be wrong, but let's also be clear that in the 20 years since it was first announced, the 'science' of cold fusion has done nothing to improve the skepticism it has been viewed with."

    You are not prepared at all. To be prepared, you must do your homework and read the literature before commenting. In any case, many experts disagree with you. For example, in 1991, Heinz Gerischer, the Director of the Max Planck Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin wrote: "In spite of my earlier conclusion, -- and that of the majority of scientists, -- that the phenomena reported by Fleischmann and Pons in 1989 depended either on measurement errors or were of chemical origin, there is now undoubtedly overwhelming indications that nuclear processes take place in the metal alloys."

    Gerischer knew this because he read the literature. You have evidently not read the literature, so I think you should refrain from reaching any conclusions or making any assertions, positive or negative.

    "If all the labs claiming results are true, then there should be improvements in the results over time . . ."

    There have been enormous improvements. They are summarized briefly in the last section here:

    http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Cold_Fusion

    Gerhard Adam

    Your example of the computer is flawed, since the point is not refining a working technology, but rather to prove that there is even a technology there.

    Even the most optimistic assessment of cold fusion would suggest that it is in the earliest of the early stages of even determining whether there is a phenomenon there that can be exploited.  If real bona-fide power has been generated, then point me to a paper that shows how a simple model was done. 

    Too many of the papers are still trying to determine whether a real nuclear process has occurred.  

    "Gerischer knew this because he read the literature. You have evidently not read the literature, so I think you should refrain from reaching any conclusions or making any assertions, positive or negative."

    Wrong!  Regardless of my personal level of knowledge, until results are actually achieved, then there is no cold fusion.  There can be a million papers, but until someone can actually power something with cold fusion, then it doesn't exist, and there is no technology.

    Since there doesn't seem to be an working theory regarding the phenomenon under review, then it seems that the problem is going to be doubly difficult to resolve, since it appears that whatever "results" are being created in the lab ... don't have an explanation.  Seems presumptious to not be able to explain an event, and yet be able to conclude that it is cold fusion, and that it represents the hope of energy requirements for the future.

    Gerhard Adam wrote:

    "Even the most optimistic assessment of cold fusion would suggest that it is in the earliest of the early stages of even determining whether there is a phenomenon there that can be exploited.

    I disagree. The effect has produced thousands of times more energy per gram of fuel than any chemical reaction, and it can probably generate millions of times more. In some experiments, it has reached temperatures and power density comparable to the core of a conventional fission reactor. Sustained runs of single cold fusion cells have produced 100 to 300 MJ, which is hundreds of times more energy than the best Tokamak plasma fusion reactor run in history. (Much lower power, of course.) In my opinion, cold fusion is closer to being a practical source of energy than Tokamak fusion or clean coal.

    "If real bona-fide power has been generated, then point me to a paper that shows how a simple model was done."

    If you mean a physics model you are asking the wrong person. There is nothing simple about cold fusion. It takes roughly as much skill and expertise to replicate as it does to make a transistor starting with sand.

    "Too many of the papers are still trying to determine whether a real nuclear process has occurred."

    I do not know which papers you refer to. All the researchers I know are convinced it is fusion. Since it produces heat and helium in the same ratio to the heat as plasma fusion, I cannot imagine what else it could be. The papers are trying to determine the exact nature of the reaction, not whether it is fusion.

    ". . . until results are actually achieved, then there is no cold fusion."

    Results are actually achieved, as you will see if you read the literature.

    "There can be a million papers, but until someone can actually power something with cold fusion, then it doesn't exist, and there is no technology."

    Cold fusion cells power calorimeters, obviously. But I suppose you mean a motor or car. Would you apply this standard to Tokamak plasma fusion as well? It does not exist until it can be made practical? If we had applied that standard to previous discoveries, such as electricity, we would still be living in trees.

    "Since there doesn't seem to be an working theory regarding the phenomenon under review, then it seems that the problem is going to be doubly difficult to resolve . . ."

    That is the first true thing you have written.

    Gerhard Adam

    "It does not exist until it can be made practical? If we had applied that standard to previous discoveries, such as electricity, we would still be living in trees."

    Until something can be made practical, then it doesn't exist as a technology.  It is merely a possibility which needs further exploration.  I don't have a problem with something being theoretical, or undeveloped, but the claims of cold fusion keep talking about things they haven't produced.

    If cold fusion can successfully power something then let's see the prototype (it's been 20 years).  In addition, if the claim is that it works, then where is the theory that describes it's operation (because quantum physics says it can't).  Therefore we have a serious disconnect here.  On the one hand is a hugely successful theory which says that cold fusion can't work, and yet we have claims that it does.  Therefore there must be something wrong (or at least incorrectly interpreted) in quantum physics.

    OK .... so what is the alternate theory or explanation? 

    Admittedly, there may be many things that are being overlooked in quantum physics and much may be subject to interpretations that are controversial.  However, there must be a valid basis for believing that cold fusion works and isn't simply a misunderstood anomoly that consumes more energy than it produces.

    Part of the problem is that any discussion around cold fusion seems to always focus on the idea of solving our energy problems, and free energy, etc. etc. etc.  There should be far more focus on the science, and not on the potential applications.  I suspect that if someone could set up a desktop cold fusion reactor and power a light bulb, there would be plenty of interest if it was confirmed.

    Here's another example:

    "In fact, in experiments reported at the Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion (December, 1993), one researcher, Dr. T. Mizuno of Hokkaido University, reported an output/input power ratio of 70,000."

    OK ... that's pretty startling.  That was 15 years ago.  Apparently nothing of consequence has happened since then, because a output/input ratio of 70,000 would certainly draw some attention if it was replicable.

    I realize that I could be quite wrong, but I'm equally sure that until cold fusion loses the hype and focuses on the theory, it will be considered a fringe activity.

    Gerhard Adam wrote:

    "I don't have a problem with something being theoretical, or undeveloped, but the claims of cold fusion keep talking about things they haven't produced."

    As I said, the effect has produced high temperatures and power density, and high absolute power (over 100 W) in the lab. That should count for something. It cannot be scaled up because it cannot be controlled. It has produced ~100 times more energy in a single run than the best Tokamak plasma fusion reaction in history. That should also count for something.

    "If cold fusion can successfully power something then let's see the prototype (it's been 20 years).
    Some things take longer than others. It has been 20 years, but few people are working on it. Most of the researchers are retired or dead. The actual man-hours (labor) and money devoted to it is roughly equivalent to what is spent in one week on Tokamak plasma fusion or Star Wars. (Note that Tokamak research has continued at that rate for 60 years, with absolutely no sign of success. It is scheduled to take at ~30 more years at these funding levels.)

    "In addition, if the claim is that it works, then where is the theory that describes it's operation (because quantum physics says it can't)."

    Theory is never needed to justify or believe an experimental finding. Countless phenomena are known to exist that cannot be explained.

    "Therefore we have a serious disconnect here. On the one hand is a hugely successful theory which says that cold fusion can't work, and yet we have claims that it does."

    I know nothing about theory, but Schwinger and other theorists have said that cold fusion does not conflict with conventional nuclear or plasma fusion theory. See the theory papers for details.

    "However, there must be a valid basis for believing that cold fusion works and isn't simply a misunderstood anomaly that consumes more energy than it produces."

    Did you mean it produces more than it consumes? Perhaps this was a typo? Cold fusion produces far more energy than it consumes. Hundreds of megajoules in some cases. Some types of cells do not consume any energy at all. (They have no input electricity.)

    "I suspect that if someone could set up a desktop cold fusion reactor and power a light bulb, there would be plenty of interest if it was confirmed."

    I have seen such demonstrations, with cells that have no input power. (Not a light bulb, but an LED and a small electric motor.) I do not see why that is more convincing that calorimetry. I find it less convincing, actually.

    "Here's another example:

    'In fact, in experiments reported at the Fourth International Conference on Cold Fusion (December, 1993), one researcher, Dr. T. Mizuno of Hokkaido University, reported an output/input power ratio of 70,000.'

    OK ... that's pretty startling. That was 15 years ago. Apparently nothing of consequence has happened since then, because a output/input ratio of 70,000 would certainly draw some attention if it was replicable."

    That refers to the proton conductor work, "Anomalous Heat Evolution from SrCeO3-Type Proton Conductors during Absorption/Desorption in Alternate Electric Field." That does have the best input output ratio of any technique that requires input energy. I saw one of his devices that had input about 10 microwatts and melted. It is a ceramic, so that is a huge input output ratio!

    That was very difficult to replicate. It was replicated by Oriani (U. Minnesota) and Lonchampt (French AEC). Alas they are retired and dead, respectively. Mizuno just retired this year. The university asked him to stop the research after one of his cells exploded in 2005. See:

    http://lenr-canr.org/Experiments.htm#PhotosAccidents

    "I realize that I could be quite wrong, but I'm equally sure that until cold fusion loses the hype and focuses on the theory, it will be considered a fringe activity."

    There is no hype in cold fusion. It is actually much more promising than the descriptions in most books and papers. (Except for mine, if I do say so myself, and Arthur C. Clarke’s.) The researchers working on this are experimentalist, not theorists so they cannot focus on the theory. Cold fusion is considered a fringe activity because of academic politics. See the comments by Prof. Robert Duncan at U. Missouri, that I uploaded this morning here:

    http://lenr-canr.org/News.htm

    See also Schwinger’s closing remarks here:

    http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SchwingerJcoldfusiona.pdf

    I wrote:

    The actual man-hours (labor) and money devoted to it is roughly equivalent to what is spent in one week on Tokamak plasma fusion or Star Wars.

    What I mean is, plasma fusion and Star Wars each consume more man hours and money every week than cold fusion has consumed in 20 years. Thousands of researchers are at work on plasma fusion, and they have been 60 years at a cost of roughly $100 billion. Roughly $30 million per week. That is approximately as much as all cold fusion research in history. Despite this disparity in favor of plasma fusion, cold fusion has made far more progress, it has produce ~100 times more energy in a single run (~300 MJ), and it is far closer to becoming a practical source of energy than plasma fusion.

    I believe this explains why plasma fusion researchers are the most vociferous opponents of cold fusion research. They began attacking it within hours of the announcement, and they continue to attack it at every opportunity in the mass media, and at funding agencies such the DoE. They have never addressed the technical issues; their attacks are exclusively ad hominem. You can read a small part of this history here:

    http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/MalloveEmitspecial.pdf

    Gerhard Adam
    My point remains .... without a theory, then you cannot know what the phenonemon is, nor whether it can ever be used in any practical sense.

    Experimental results are simply that .... experimental.  You cannot develop a technology merely on the existence of a difficult to reproduce lab event.  Everyone knows that lightning produces immense amounts of power, but it is pointless to consider it for exploitation if it can't be harnessed.  That's what I mean by the hype. 

    You've also indicated several times of experimental runs with zero(0) power input producing output power.  This is a "something for nothing" phenomenon which suggests that the power output is simply spontaneous requiring no input or trigger.   Something must be given up to produce output, so this statement is incorrect or misleading.

    In short, in the absence of a theory, that means there is no explanation for what is happening.  If there is no explanation, then one cannot make any claims about what's been achieved, since they don't know what is going on. 

    However, the problem runs deeper than that. 

    "Pamela Mosier-Boss, a researcher at the US Navy's Space and Naval Warfare Systems Centre in San Diego, said her group had detected telltale signs that nuclear fusion reactions normally found in the centre of the sun were afoot in a simple bench-top device."

    "Our finding is very significant," she said. "To our knowledge, this is the first scientific report of the production of highly energetic neutrons from a low-energy nuclear reaction device."

    "If you have fusion going on, you have to have neutrons. We now have evidence that there are neutrons present in these LENR reactions," she added."


    This was from a comment from March, 2009.  This is a FAR cry from producing hundreds of times the input energy.  From this comment, it would appear that, at best, there may be some evidence that it is possible (note her statement that this is the FIRST scientific report .... )

    While I am sure that there is plenty of politics, and shenanigans involving funding, it is equally true that simply having an unexplained phenomenon isn't any criteria to award funding either.  While it may not be nice to hear it, the simple reality is that after the disappointment of the 1989 announcement, cold fusion has to come up with a theory or impressive reason to be given another chance at government funding.

    You may even be justified in thinking that there are conspiracies against cold fusion.  However my point would be that you cannot enter the multi-billion dollar world of energy production between governments and corporations and be that naive.  One thing I do know .... whoever comes up with a device to produce free energy would become richer than god.

    Gerhard Adam wrote:

    "My point remains .... without a theory, then you cannot know what the phenonemon is . . ."

    That is completely incorrect. Before 1939 it was obvious that the Sun was undergoing a nuclear fusion reaction, because the Sun is composed almost entirely of hydrogen. However, the precise nature of that reaction was unknown. Along the same lines, we can be certain that cold fusion is fusion because it consumes no chemical fuel, and it produces thousands of times more heat than any chemical reaction with the same mass of reactants could produce. The key point is that it produces helium in the same ratio to that heat as plasma fusion does. Therefore it is fusion.

    (We cannot measure the decrease in deuterium in the cell because there is too much deuterium overall. We can only measure the increase in helium.)

    "Experimental results are simply that .... experimental. You cannot develop a technology merely on the existence of a difficult to reproduce lab event."

    Every modern technology from 1800 to the present began as a small scale lab event. The effect is not that difficult to reproduce. It is far easier to reproduce than transistors were in 1955, when they were already commercialized. Unfortunately, heat on a small scale is of no use whereas a low-power transistor from a 10% yield production batch was useful in 1955. It was far more expensive than a vacuum tube, but still useful.

    "Everyone knows that lightning produces immense amounts of power, but it is pointless to consider it for exploitation if it can't be harnessed. That's what I mean by the hype."

    That is not hype at all. As soon as Franklin demonstrated that lightning is electricity, that proved large-scale electricity is possible and pointed the way to future applications. Franklin went on to produce large amounts of electricity from capacitors: enough to electrocute a turkey, and nearly electrocute himself.

    "You've also indicated several times of experimental runs with zero(0) power input producing output power. This is a 'something for nothing' phenomenon which suggests that the power output is simply spontaneous requiring no input or trigger."

    Not at all. The input power in cold fusion was electrolysis is only used to form highly loaded palladium deuteride. Other methods of forming the same material also produce the same effect. These other methods such as gas loading and ion beam loading do not require any input electricity. There is a small amount of energy in gas loading (to pressure the gas), and a tiny flow of electricity with proton conductors as well, but as Mizuno showed the input is thousands of times smaller than the output.

    With electrolysis, output has sometimes exceeded input by a factor of ~50. The electrolysis can be turned off and the output continues by itself, sometimes for hours or days in what is called heat after death. There is no direct connection or correlation between input and output. Input energy is used only to form the material. You might compare it to the energy needed to manufacture the material.

    "Something must be given up to produce output, so this statement is incorrect or misleading."

    Deuterium fuses to produce the heat output, and helium, and some tritium. The input electrolysis energy does not convert or transducer into output heat in any sense.

    "In short, in the absence of a theory, that means there is no explanation for what is happening."

    Yes there is: you need only measure the products of fusion. You do not need to know the mechanism by which it occurs.

    "However, the problem runs deeper than that.

    'Pamela Mosier-Boss, a researcher at the US Navy's Space and Naval Warfare Systems Centre in San Diego, said her group had detected telltale signs that nuclear fusion reactions normally found in the centre of the sun were afoot in a simple bench-top device.'"

    You are confused. This has nothing to do with excess heat experiments. Mosier-Boss et al. have measured heat successfully in many experiments, but they make no effort to do so in their CR-30 neutron detection experiments. It would be difficult to perform calorimetry with this device. (Impossible, I should think.)

    There is no doubt that the same code deposited material does produce heat because it has been measured with calorimetry and an IR camera. In fact it produces heat in nearly 100% of the tests.

    "This is a FAR cry from producing hundreds of times the input energy. From this comment, it would appear that, at best, there may be some evidence that it is possible (note her statement that this is the FIRST scientific report .... )"

    You are talking about completely different experiments in which output energy was not measured, as I said.

    "While I am sure that there is plenty of politics, and shenanigans involving funding, it is equally true that simply having an unexplained phenomenon isn't any criteria to award funding either."

    I have read the letters by DOE managers that turned down funding, and uploaded them to LENR-CANR.org. I have read letters from Journal editors rejecting papers in cold fusion summarily without peer review. I have read hundreds of attacks by scientists in journals and magazines such as the Scientific American. The people who oppose cold fusion are not shy or reticent about expressing their views. Their motivations are transparent. They state their reasons for opposing the research very clearly, and they have done so hundreds of times in the mass media. For example, F. Slakey, the Science Policy Administrator of the American Physical Society, wrote in the New Scientist that cold fusion scientists are "a cult of fervent half-wits" "While every result and conclusion they publish meets with overwhelming scientific evidence to the contrary, they resolutely pursue their illusion of fusing hydrogen in a mason jar. . . . And a few scientists, captivated by [Fleischmann and Pons'] fantasy . . . pursue cold fusion with Branch Davidian intensity."

    In 1990 an editor in Nature wrote: "Would a measure of unrestrained mockery, even a little unqualified vituperation have speeded cold fusion's demise?"

    In the mid-1990s Robert Park, Zimmerman and others vowed that they would “root out and fire” and federal researcher who expressed support for cold fusion, attended the conference on the subject, or attempted to publish a paper, because, all cold fusion researchers are "lunatics and criminals.” Park made similar remarks last week

    I have probably read every major attack published against cold fusion in the mass media and in Scientific Magazines. I have never seen one that made reference to experimental evidence, or that described the experiments. They are all ad hominem attacks except for one in the Scientific American which attempted to describe the experiment but which was entirely incorrect in every detail. See:

    http://lenr-canr.org/News.htm#SciAmSlam

    "While it may not be nice to hear it, the simple reality is that after the disappointment of the 1989 announcement, cold fusion has to come up with a theory or impressive reason to be given another chance at government funding."

    There was no disappointment in 1989. The 1989 results were replicated by ~98 labs by 1990. The excess heat results were replicated and reported in the 153 papers in major peer-reviewed papers by 1992. Tritium and other nuclear effects were reported in ~100 other papers. I have copies of those papers from the library at Los Alamos. No other experimental claim in history that has been replicated more than five or 10 times has been considered doubtful. There is no rational basis for the attacks and refusal to fund this research. It is entirely political. The people who oppose the research are well known to me. I have met with and spoken with them on many occasions. Their reasons for opposing this research have everything to do with money -- with their own livelihoods -- and with academic politics, and nothing remotely to do with science. One of them, a scientifically illiterate reporter named Taubes, wrote a book attacking cold fusion. He told a cold fusion researcher: “I do not give a shit whether your results are real or not. I am writing this book to make money.”

    This is not a conspiracy by the way. I know Taubes, Park, Zimmerman and the others quite well, as I said, and I assure you, they are not smart enough to conspire their way out of a paper bag.

    "One thing I do know .... whoever comes up with a device to produce free energy would become richer than god."

    This is a naïve view of history. I suggest you read about what happened to other people in the past came up with important breakthroughs. In any case, I know several hundred people who have come up devices that produce energy from fusion at room temperature without significant radiation. They have not been rewarded. On the contrary, in many cases their reputations, lives, careers and marriages have been derailed or ruined. Distinguished professors and Institute Fellows have demoted to menial stock room jobs, forced into early retirement, or fired. Their experiments have been sabotaged, their children attacked in schools. For 20 years they have been savagely attacked and ridiculed in the mass media. Members of Congress goaded by their academic rivals call them to Washington, accuse them of fraud, and demand to see their personal letters and tax returns going back many years. What has happened to these people would have been unthinkable in academic science in the 18th or 19th centuries, but today the only things that count in science are money, politics and influence.

    This blog is devoted to "depravity." The abuses and depravity of modern day research funding, micro-management and the abuses of the peer-review system dwarf all previous scientific scandals. Unless you have encountered the abuses first hand you cannot imagine how corrupt it has become!

    Gerhard Adam

    " ... you need only measure the products of fusion. You do not need to know the mechanism by which it occurs."

    You see, this is where it falls apart for me.  You would be correct if you are only talking about a scientific theory or experiment.  The problem is that it doesn't stop there.

    Based on this, there is the hyped talk about being able to solve all our future energy problems (despite the fact that no one can explain what is happening).  In addition, this is supposed to be sufficient to garner funding with the promise that everything will work out in the end?

    I'm sorry, but when you compare Ben Franklin's experiments he wasn't asking for someone to give him money to build power plants.  Similarly, how the sun produced helium didn't require a theory, because whether we understood it or not, the sun would continue to operate.  However, if we wanted to replicate the sun's behavior on earth, then we certainly needed a theory and in the absence of one, no one would be handing out funding.

    The point is that the claims of cold fusion are extraordinary, and therefore require extraordinary evidence to support it.  You have indicated that it is extremely complicated and difficult to reproduce and yet you state "The effect is not that difficult to reproduce".  You indicate that scientists and authors are routinely denied access for publication and yet you have thousands of papers.

    Everytime I look at new information on cold fusion from the research community I find that the claims are dramatically more modest, and unverified just the same. 

    As I've said all along.  Without a theory, it is exceedingly difficult to justify the claims.  Not because a theory is necessary for every experimental finding, but because this is a "finding" that is supposedly competing against "findings" that have theories and therefore represent a more reliable prospect for success.  It may not be fair, but you cannot compete against established theories without one of your own. 


    Gerhard Adam wrote:

    " ... you need only measure the products of fusion. You do not need to know the mechanism by which it occurs."

    You see, this is where it falls apart for me. You would be correct if you are only talking about a scientific theory or experiment."

    I am talking about an experiment! What do you think I am talking about?

    "The problem is that it doesn't stop there. Based on this, there is the hyped talk about being able to solve all our future energy problems . . ."

    It is straight linear projections of present day cell performance. We know how much material we have, how much heat at what temperature it produces. All we have to do is control it, scale up, and boom, we could make all the energy in the world with 6,000 tons of heavy water.

    Lots of technology works without a theory, or with imperfect theory and lots of art.

    "(despite the fact that no one can explain what is happening). In addition, this is supposed to be sufficient to garner funding with the promise that everything will work out in the end?

    Nobody has made any promises. The point is, you cannot expect people to figure this out unless fund them. You can’t expect researchers to find the answer before they do the research.

    "I'm sorry, but when you compare Ben Franklin's experiments he wasn't asking for someone to give him money to build power plants."

    If you expect researchers to work without salaries or instruments you are living in a dream world.

    "However, if we wanted to replicate the sun's behavior on earth, then we certainly needed a theory and in the absence of one, no one would be handing out funding."

    People need funding to develop theories! Bethe did not work for free.

    "The point is that the claims of cold fusion are extraordinary, and therefore require extraordinary evidence to support it."

    Oh give me a break. That's pop science TV pablum. Quoting Melich and me:

    This is not a principle of science. It was coined by Carl Sagan for the 1980 “Cosmos” television series. Conventional scientific standards dictate that extraordinary claims are best supported with ordinary evidence from off-the-shelf instruments and standard techniques. All mainstream cold fusion papers present this kind of evidence.

    Conventional standards also dictate that all claims and arguments must be held to the same standards of rigor. This includes skeptical assertions that attempt to disprove cold fusion, which have been notably lacking in rigor.
    Laplace asserted that “The weight of evidence for an extraordinary claim must be proportioned to its strangeness.” “Weight of evidence” is a measure of how much evidence you have, not how extraordinary it is. There is more evidence for cold fusion than for previously disputed effects. . . .

    Finally, the quality of being “extraordinary” is subjective. What seems extraordinary to one person seems ordinary to another. Many scientific phenomena that experts take for granted, such as quantum effects, seemed extraordinary when they were discovered, and still seem extraordinary to non-scientists.

    :You have indicated that it is extremely complicated and difficult to reproduce and yet you state "The effect is not that difficult to reproduce'."

    I meant it is no more difficult that making a transistor was in 1955. Thousands of people can and have done it, sometimes with close to 100% reproducibility. I did not mean that ordinary people on the street can do it. It takes months. It takes millions of dollars in equipment and PhD level training. I know 3 PhDs given to students who learned hot to do cold fusion.

    "You indicate that scientists and authors are routinely denied access for publication and yet you have thousands of papers."

    There would have thousands more if certain journals did not summarily reject them.

    "Everytime I look at new information on cold fusion from the research community I find that the claims are dramatically more modest, and unverified just the same."

    Ah, so you have looked at the claims, have you? Which papers, by which authors? Why do you say they are unverified?

    "As I've said all along. Without a theory, it is exceedingly difficult to justify the claims."

    That has never been the case with any previous discovery or claim in the history of science. In the past, when experiments have revealed anomalies, people studied them in order to develop a theory. They did not reject findings because there was no theory to explain them. If they had, we would have no theories and no findings, and we would still be living in caves.

    ". . . this is a "finding" that is supposedly competing against "findings" that have theories and therefore represent a more reliable prospect for success. It may not be fair, but you cannot compete against established theories without one of your own."

    You really are living in a idealized dream world! Most theories are half baked and they hardly begin to explain anomalies in electrochemistry or chemistry. Technology is based on theory, trial and error, Edisonian science, and plain old art (things that no one understands but they do them because they work). Why do you think computer chips production lines still produce duds, after trillions have been invested in semiconductor technology? There are no end to unanswered questions. There are an infinite number of unexplained mysteries. Ask any physicist or chemist and he or she will spend the rest of the day telling you about anomalies that nobody understands. That’s why we have thousands of those people: to learn about things and explain them, not to reject new findings because they have not yet been explained!

    dorigo
    I think a quite distinguished Nobel prize winner, and one of the most brillant minds alive, put Fleischmann and Pons in their place when he presented them at CERN soon after their "discovery", by a fake freudian slip "Dr. Fleischmann and Dr. Pons, who are not scientists but chemists,... " :)
    He meant they were not physicists, but the presentation spoke volumes about what Rubbia really thought.

    Cheers,
    T.
    Tommaso Dorigo wrote:

    "He meant they were not physicists, but the presentation spoke volumes about what Rubbia really thought."

    I have corresponded with Rubbia. He is strongly in favor of cold fusion research. He believes the effect is real and important, and he was the honorary chair of a cold fusion conference (that I missed, unfortunately). I do not what he thought in 1989 but I know what he thinks now. It is partly thanks to him that the Italian government supports cold fusion in their national labs, where they have done superb work.

    Many physicists have replicated cold fusion, albeit with help from electrochemists. (The ones who did not get help usually failed.)

    adaptivecomplexity
    Allegedly Wilkins didn't like his King's College colleague Rosalind Franklin, who was creating the world's best X-ray diffraction pictures of DNA. Watson said Wilkins showed him an unpublished picture of Franklin's - and the rest is history.
    History could have been much nastier for Watson&Crick had Franklin not died before the Nobel for the structure of DNA been awarded (posthumous Nobels aren't allowed). Since the Nobel is limited to three, someone would have had been bumped - Watson, Crick, Wilkins, or Franklin.
    Mike
    rholley
    History could have been much nastier
    Ooh - the thought of it!  Have you read this? 

    Maurice Wilkins: The Third Man of the Double Helix: An Autobiography

    # Publisher: OUP Oxford; New edition (14 Jul 2005)

    # ISBN-10: 019280667X

    http://www.amazon.co.uk/Maurice-Wilkins-Third-Double-Autobiography/dp/019280667X

    Robert H. Olley Quondam Physics Department University of Reading England
    adaptivecomplexity
    I haven't read the book but I've seen it around. How is it? Most of my knowledge of Wilkins comes from Horace Judson's excellent The Eight Day of Creation.
    Mike
    rholley

    How is it?

    It gives a very authentic feel of things as they happened.  It's about three years since I read it, but as I remember there's things like someone rushing a tube of refrigerated giant squid sperm (source of DNA) to a quick handover at a station before it could go off.

    There's more general background too, like how Wilkins and many other scientists joined the Communist Party before WW2.

    The chapter title "Get Back to your Microscopes!" is from what Franklin angrily expostulated at Wilkins.  Their mutual boss,  John Randall, had informed Franklin that he was moving Wilkins away from X-rays back to microscopes before he told Wilkins himself.  Wilkins thinks this bit of "power play" by Randall is what caused a degree of coolness between Franklin and himself.

    And here's one quote which I've actually kept:
    Mick [Callan] loved science ... and I was especially interested in his emphasis on science as a craft. That down-to-earth idea of craft expresses the need of the scientist to understand the material on which he or she works (and that idea has more meaning in it than loads of philosophy of science) .
    Yer don't get that so much these days, do yer?

    Robert H. Olley Quondam Physics Department University of Reading England
    adaptivecomplexity
    Yer don't get that so much these days, do yer?
    Technology and scientific supply companies have sent those days packing. So much of what's done in the lab is done with off-the-shelf kits and machines; the craft aspect gets lost. So many easy experiments can be done these days with this stuff; fewer people have the patience or temperament to do the harder stuff, at least in my field.
    Mike
    MarshallBarnes
    Imagine a paper that claims to prove a well known and demonstrable fact is really just the mind playing tricks. It claims to prove this with a device and an experiment. The experiment makes national news and the author of the paper make the rounds touting his findings, despite an outcry of people citing that it can't be true. 

    Now if it turns out that the experiment is flawed, and in fact the device used to conduct it and generate the data used for the conclusions, actually invalidates and renders moot that data by the actual nature in which the device operates, and the author is found on video tape conducting the experiment and getting results that contradict his findings prior to publication...would that be fraud?

    Just curious...
    of of these hoaxes sound like the person might have been fooled - like in the Piltdown case.

    Finding it doesn't mean the guy faked it.