Maharanga emodi (Wall.)A.D.C. syn Onsoma emodi Wall (O. emodi Wall.=Maharanga emodi (Wall.) DC.,) (Boraginaceae )

Flower and roots are used as medicine.

The plants are distributed in Alpine Himalayas of Nepal from 3000 to 3900 m. also found from Garhwal to Bhutan at altitudes of 3,500-4,000 m.

The roots of O. emodi Wall.=Maharanga emodi (Wall.) DC., afford a dye which has been used for colouring wool and silk.

Crude drugs 

1. Onsoma bracteatum Wall

2. O. hispidum Wall. ex D. Don syn. O. echioides C.B.( O. hispidum has been reported to be the source of Ratanjot, a red dye yielding root, commonly used for colouring foodstuffs, oils and medicinal preparations.

Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, ( Saxifragaceae) Used Part is Flower It is met with in temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan up to altitudes of 1,500-2,700 m and in Khasi hills. Root paste is mixed with honey and taken to control post- partum diarrhoea and dysentery. The rhizome is reported to contain bergenin and three triterpenoid acids, viz. astilbic acid (C30H48O4, m p 219- 23°), ß-peltoboykinolic acid (C30H48O3, m p 227-29°), and acetyl ß- peltoboykinolic acid (C32H50O4, m p 226-28°)

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex DC. syn. H. antidysenterica (Linn.) ( Apocynaceae) Vern. kurchi This plant is especially abundant in the sub-Himalayan tract. The used part is bark. The bark has astringent, antidysenteric, anthelmintic, stomachic, febrifugal and tonic properties. It is used in the treatment of amoebic dysentery and diarrhoea, and is usually administered as extract or decoction. Although slow in action as compared with emetine, it is less toxic and can be administered orally. Kurchi bark is given either alone or with other astringent drugs in piles, colic, dyspepsia, chest affections and diuresis ; it is also used for diseases of the skin and spleen. A hot decoction of the drug is used as a gargle in toothache.

Parts used are seeds. An erect annual, herb, cultivated throughout the plains of India and up to an altitude of 1,800 m. The seeds heal ulcers, urinary discharges, cure leprosy,remove "Vata" and "pitta", "kapha" bad for the eyesight, lead to impotancy, used in consumption.; The leaves remove "Vata" and cough and asthma. The roasted seeds are said to be astringent. Fumigation with the smoke is recommended for colds in the head and hysteria and the tinder used to staunch haemorrhages. The seeds are used internally for gonorrhoea and irritation of the genito-urinary system. The flowers are considered as cardiotonic. The seeds are

Commiphora mukul(Hook. ex Stocks) Engl. syn. Balsamodendron mukul Hook. ex Stocks syn Commiphora wightii (Arn.)Bhandari( Burseraceae)Used Part is Gum A small tree or shrub with spinescent branches occurring in the arid rocky tracts of Rajputana, Khandesh, Berar, Mysore, Sind, and Baluchistan. An Ayurvedic preparation "Thyrocap" having guggul as one of the constituents is used to control simple and diffuse goitre very effectively. During the treatment, T4 and T8 cells increase in the serum of patients. "Kanchanar guggul", also a composite preparation containing this resin is used in the treatment of swellings like galaganda, gandamala, granthi etc. Guggul has a wide range of usefulness in indigenous medicine.

Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. commonly known as Gorkha mundi (Inflorescence)An aromatic herb, found abundantly in damp situations in the plains all over India, ascending to an altitude of c. 1,500 m. in the hills, especially as a weed in the rice-fields. All parts of the plant find medicinal uses. The drug may consist of the whole plant or only capitula (inflorescences). It is mostly administered in the form of its steam- distillate.