Take a muscle cell, modify it over millions of years, and you can end up with a shocking evolutionary result: the electric fish.

Electric fish have evolved several times in varying levels of complexity. Two groups of electric fish, one in Africa (Mormyroids) and one in South America (Gymnotiforms), have independently evolved sophisticated communication systems using these cells. By emitting and sensing weak electrical signals, the fish have bypassed the usual means of communication, such as with sounds and visual signals, and go directly to electrical signals.

Do you find yourself finishing the sentences of a speaker you are watching? You are not alone.

Our brain activity is similar to speakers we are listening to when we can predict what they are going to say, according to a team of neuroscientists writing in the Journal of Neuroscience. 

Traditionally, it was thought that our brains always process the world around us from the "bottom up"—when we hear someone speak, our auditory cortex first processes the sounds, and then other areas in the brain put those sounds together into words and then sentences and larger discourse units. From here, we derive meaning and an understanding of the content of what is said to us.

It's official - females prefer courtship over competitiveness. And she may talk with her friends about the size of your mandibles, but it really doesn't matter.   

Female mate choice and male-male competition are typical mechanisms of sexual selection. However, these two mechanisms do not always favor the same males.  Researchers have investigated the complicated sexual conflict over mating in Gnatocerus cornutus, the horned flour-beetle.

Male horned beetles have enlarged lower jaws – or mandibles – used to fight rivals, and those with larger mandibles do have a mating advantage when there is direct male-male competition. But until now, it has not been clear whether the females actually prefer these highly competitive males.

Treating patients who suffer from a common condition known as arteriovenous malformation (AVM), which causes blood vessels in the brain to tangle, increases their risk of stroke, a study has found.

People rteriovenous malformation have a better outcome if doctors treat their symptoms only and not the AVM, according to the team of doctors looked at the long-term outcome of patients with the condition, which is caused by abnormal connections between the arteries and veins in the brain. 

Over the next decade, facial transplants will become more common, done at regional hospitals the way heart transplants are done now, according to a retrospective analysis of all known facial transplants worldwide.

The surgeons behind the analysis conclude that the procedure is relatively safe, increasingly feasible, and a clear life-changer that can and should be offered to far more carefully selected patients.  The review team found that the transplants are highly effective at restoring people to fully functioning lives after physically disfiguring and socially debilitating facial injuries, but are not without risks. 

The mobile using public became turned off by QR codes for mobile devices that were nothing but a coupon that they were going to find in the newspaper or on the website.

Similarly, gimmicky contest ads and flashy free-prize messages that can at least be somewhat ignored on a desktop monitor are hard to miss on a mobile, and that may be even more of a turnoff for mobile users.